Impact of Emotional Support on Wellbeing, Mediating Role of Social Undermining: A Study of Academia in Balochistan.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47672/ajp.821Keywords:
Social undermining, emotional support, employees’ wellbeing, mediation analysisAbstract
Purpose: The concept of negative behaviors in organizational psychology is at its emerging stage. Negative behaviors not only affect the well-being of the employees but also the overall performance of the organization. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between emotional support (from co-workers) and employees’ wellbeing in the presence of social undermining as a mediator.
Materials and Methods: This study was quantitative. Cross-sectional and convenience sampling design (non-probability sampling technique) was applied to collect the data through questionnaires from the participants by using the survey method. Data was gathered from 287 Lecturers, Assistant Professors, and Professors from different public and private universities of Balochistan. Process Macro was applied to find the direct and indirect effect of emotional support on employees ‘wellbeing.
Findings: Results showed that emotional support positively influenced wellbeing while social undermining partially mediates the relationship between emotional support and wellbeing.
Recommendation: These findings can be applied in organizations to improve the wellbeing of the employees and minimize the negative behaviors in an organizational setting.
Downloads
References
Abbey, A., Abramis, D. J., & Caplan, R. D., (1985). Effects of Different Sources of Social Support and Social Conflict on Emotional Weil-Being. Basic and applied social psychology, 1985, 6 (2) 111-129.
Ackoff, R. L. (1953). The Design of Social Research, Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Appelbaum, S. H., Iaconi, G. D., & Matousek, A., (2007). Positive and negative deviant workplace behaviors: causes, impacts, and solutions. Corporate governance, 7(5), 586-598
Asa, F., & Lasebikan, V. O. (2018). Mental Health of Teachers: Teachers’ Stress, Anxiety and Depression among Secondary Schools in Nigeria. International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal 7(4), 1-10. DOI:10.9734/INDJ/2016/27039
Atoum, A. Y., & Al-Shoboul, R. A. (2018). Emotional support and its relationship to Emotional intelligence. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(1) 7-15.
Baruch, Y., & Holtom, B. C. (2008). Survey response rate levels and trends in organizational research. Human Relations, 61(8), 1139–1160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726708094863
Bennett, J.B., Weaver, J., Senft, M., & Neeper, M., (2017). Creating Workplace Well-Being Time for Practical Wisdom. The Handbook of Stress and Health: A Guide to Research and Practice, First Edition. Edited by Cary L. Cooper and James Campbell Quick. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bolger, N., Zuckerman, A., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Invisible support and adjustment to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 953–961.
Burleson, B. R. (2003). The experience and effects of emotional support: What the study of cultural and gender differences can tell us about close relationships, emotion and interpersonal communication. Personal Relationships, 10(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00033
Caldwell, R. M., Silverman, J., Lefforge, N. L., & Silver, N. C. (2004). Adjudicated Mexican American Adolescents: The Effects of Familial Emotional Support on Self-Esteem, Emotional Well-Being, and Delinquency. American Journal of Family Therapy 32(1):55-69. DOI:10.1080/01926180490255828
Campbell, K.E., & Wright, K. B. (2002). On‐line support groups: An investigation of relationships among source credibility, dimensions of relational communication, and perceptions of emotional support. Communication Research Reports 19(2), 183-193 DOI:10.1080/08824090209384846
Casper, W. J., Harris, C., Taylor-Bianco, A., & Wayne, J. H. (2011). Work–family conflict, perceived supervisor support and organizational commitment among Brazilian professionals. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(3), 640–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jvb.2011.04.011
Chappell, N. L., & Badger, M. (1989). Social isolation and well-being. Journal of Gerontology, 44(5), S169–S176. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/44.5.S169
Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300–314. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197609000-00003
Cohen, S. (2004). Social Relationships and Health. American Psychologist, 59(8), 676–684. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676
Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98–104. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98.
Cranford, J. A. (2004). Stress-buffering or stress-exacerbation? Social support and social undermining as moderators of the relationship between perceived stress and depressive symptoms among married people. Personal Relationships, 11, 23–40
Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1990). Type of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching. In I. G. Sarason, B. R. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 319-366). New York: Wiley.
De Clercq, D., & Brieger, S.A. (2019). Entrepreneurs’ individual-level resources and social value creation goals: The moderating role of cultural context. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2017-0503 Permanent link to this document: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2017-0503
Diener, E. & Biswas-Diener, R. (2006). The subjective well-being of the homeless, and lessons for happiness. Social Indicators Research, 76, 185–205.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
Diener, E., &Suh, E. (1997). Measuring quality of life: Economic, social, and subjective indicators. Social Indicators Research, 40(1-2), 189–216. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006859511756
Duffy, M. K., Scott, K. L., Shaw, J. D., Tepper, B. J., & Aquino, K. (2012). A social context model of envy and social undermining. Academy of Management Journal, 55, 643–666.
Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., &Pagon, M. (2002). Social undermining in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 45(2), 331-351.
Duffy, M. K., Shaw, J. D., Scott, K. L., Tepper, B. J. (2006). The moderating roles of self-esteem and neuroticism in the relationship between group and individual undermining behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1066-1077
Eldeleklioglu, J., Yilmaz, A., &Gultekin, F. (2010). Investigation of teacher trainees’ psychological well-being in terms of time management. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2(2), 342-348 DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.022
Franks, M.M., Stephens, M.A.P., Rook, K.S., et al. (2006). Spouses’ provision of health-related support and control to patients participating in cardiac rehabilitation. Journal of Family Psychology, 20,311–318.
Frederick, J. Z., Gwen, M. G., Dimitiri, A.C., & Wayne, K. (2005). Early cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and television watching as predictors of subsequent bullying among grade-school children. Arch PediatrAdolesc Med, 159(4), 384-8. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.159.4.384.
Fisher, C. D. (1986). Organizational Socialisation: An Integrative Review. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 4, 101-145.
Elfering, A., Grebner, S., Semmer, N. K., Kaiser-Freiburghaus, D., Lauper-Del Ponte, S. &Witschi, I. (2005). Chronic job stressors and job control: Effects on event-related coping success and well-being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 237- 252.
Greenbaum, R. L., Mawritz, M. B., Eissa, G. 2012. Bottom-line mentality as an antecedent of social undermining and the moderating roles of core self-evaluations and conscientiousness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 342-359
Gregory, A., Feder, G., Taket, A., &Williamson, E., (2016). Qualitative study to explore the health and well-being impacts on adults providing informal support to female domestic violence survivors. On the outside looking in: the shared burden of domestic violence, BMJ Open 7(3):e014511. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014511
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., &Babin, B. J. (2010). RE Anderson Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. New Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hisada, M., Senda, S. and Minoguchi, M. (1989). Development of social support scale. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Japanese Psychological Association, Tokyo, 21-24 November.
Hart, P.M. & Cooper, C. (2001). Occupational Stress: Toward a More Integrated Framework, Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology, 2, 93-114.
Joseph, N. T., Myers, H. F., Schettino, J. R., Olmos, N. T., Bingham-Mira, C., Lesser, I. M., & Poland, R. E. (2011). Support and undermining in interpersonal relationships are associated with symptom improvement in a trial of antidepressant medication. Psychiatry, 74(3), 240-254.
Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (Eds.). (1999). Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation
Kammeyer-Mueller, J., Wanberg, C., Rubenstein, A., &Song, Z., (2012). Support, Undermining, and Newcomer Socialization: Fitting in During the First 90 Days. Academy of Management Journal, 56,(4). https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0791
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007–1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007
Latkin, C., & Curry, A. D., (2003). Stressful Neighborhoods and Depression: A Prospective Study of the Impact of Neighborhood Disorder. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 44(1), 34-44. DOI:10.2307/1519814
Lavasani, M. G., Afzali, L., & Afzali, F., (2011). Cooperative learning and social skills. Journal of Educational Sciences, 6(4), 186-193
Leme, V. B. R., Del Prette, Z. A. P., & Coimbra, S. (2015). Social skills, social support and well-being in adolescents of different family configurations. Paidéia, 25(60), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272560201503
Lincoln, K. D., Chatters, L. M., & Taylor, R. J. (2005). Social Support, Traumatic Events, and Depressive Symptoms Among African Americans. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(3), 754–766. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00167.x
Lyyra T. M., & Heikkinen, R.L. (2006). Perceived social support and mortality in older people. The Journals Of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 61, S147–S152.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137= 155. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006824100041
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.83
Mashburn, A. J., Pianta, R. C., Hamre, B. K., Downer, J. T., Barbarin, O. A., & Bryant, D., (2008). Measures of classroom quality in prekindergarten and children’s development of academic, language, and social skills. Child Development, 79, 732–749.
McCloskey, W., Iwanicki, S., Lauterbach, D., Giammittorio, D. M., & Maxwell, K. (2015). Are Facebook "Friends" Helpful? Development of a Facebook-Based Measure of Social Support and Examination of Relationships Among Depression, Quality of Life, and Social Support. Cyber psychology Behavior and Social Networking, 18(9), 499- 505. doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0538
Meng-Long, H.,Boxall, P., & Cheung, G. W. (2018). How does line-manager support enhance worker wellbeing? A study in China, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(14), 1825-1843. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1423103
Michaelson, J., Abdallah, S., Steuer, N., Thompson, S., Marks, N., Aked, J., Cordon, C., Potts, R., (2009). National Accounts of Well-being: bringing real wealth onto the balance sheet, London: nef (the new economics foundation).The relationship between perceived parenting styles, social support with psychological well- being. procedia - social and behavioral sciences
Nahum-Shani, I., Bamberger, P. A., & Bacharach, S. B. (2011). Social support and employee well-being: The conditioning effect of perceived patterns of supportive exchange. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(1), 123–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510395024
Phillips, D. R., Siu, O. L., Yeh, A. G. O., & Cheng, K. H. C., (2005). Person–Environment (P–E) Fit Models and Psychological Well-Being Among Older Persons in Hong Kong. Environment and Behavior, 42(2), 221-242. 10.1177/0013916509333426
Piferi, R. L., Lawler, K. A., (2006). Social support and ambulatory blood pressure: An examination of both giving and receiving. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 62, 328–336.
Pollard, E. L., & Lee, P. D. (2003). Child well-being: A systematic review of the literature. Social Indicators Research, 61(1), 59–78. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021284215801
Reblin, M., & Uchino, B. N. (2009). Social and Emotional Support and its Implication for Health, Current Opinion in Psychiatry 21(2), 201-5. DOI:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f3ad89
Rees, G., Bradshaw, J., Goswami, H., & Keung, A. (2010). Understanding Children's Well-being: A national survey of young people's well-being. The Children's society.
Russo, M., Buonocore, F., Carmeli, A., & Guo, L. (2015). When Family Supportive Supervisors Meet Employees' Need for Caring: Implications for Work-Family Enrichment and Thriving. Journal of Management 44(4). DOI:10.1177/0149206315618013
Rook, K. S. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(5), 1097–1108.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069- 1081. https://doi.org/10.1037 /0022-3514.57.6.1069
Sabeen, Z., & Arshad, F. (2019). Social undermining in academia: experiences and effects. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-05-2018-0089 Permanent link to this document: https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-05-2018-0089
Sarafino, E. P. (1998). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Sarason, B. R., Sarason, I. G., & Gurung, R. A. R. (1997). Close personal relationships and health outcomes: A key to the role of social support. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research and interventions (pp. 547–573). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Sarason, B. R., Sarason, I.G. & Gurung, A.R. (1997). Close Personal Relationships and Heath Outcomes: A Key to the Role of Social Support. Pp. 547–73 in Handbook of Personal Relationships, edited by S. Duck. New York: John Wiley.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 3–9). Oxford University Press.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press.
Shin, D. H., & Johnson, D.M., (1978). Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life. Social Indicators Research 5(1), 475-492. DOI:10.1007/BF00352944
Song, Lijun, & Nan Lin. (2009). Social Capital and Health Inequality: Evidence from Taiwan. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(2), 149–63
Springer, K. W., & Hauser, R. M. (2006). An assessment of the construct validityofRyff’s scales of psychological well-being: Method, mode and measurementeffects. Social Science Research, 35, 1120–1131.
Stratham, J., & Chase, E. (2010). Childhood wellbeing – A brief overview. Loughborough: Childhood Wellbeing Research Centre
Stiglitz, J. E., Sen, A. & Fitoussi, J. P., (2009). The Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress Revisited. OFCE. Paris
Taherpour, F., Rajaeepour, S., Siadat, A., & Kazemi, I., (2016). Analysis of Bilateral Effects between Social Undermining and Co-Creation among University Faculty Members. International Education Studies, 9 (7), 10.5539/ies.v9n7p135
Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social Science Information/sur les sciences sociales, 13(2), 65–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847401300204
Thong, M. S., Kaptein, A. A, Krediet R. T., Boeschoten, E. W., & Dekker, F. W., (2007). Social support predicts survival in dialysis patients. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 2007, 22, 845–850.
Umberson, D. (1992). Gender, marital status, and the social control of health behavior. Social Sciences Medical journal. 34, 907–17.
Vinokur, A. D., & Van Ryn, M. (1993). Social support and undermining in close relationships: their independent effects on the mental health of unemployed persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 350
Vinokur-Kaplan, D., & Bergman, S. (1986). Retired Israeli social workers: Work, volunteer activities, and satisfaction among retired professionals. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 9(4), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1300/J083V09N04_06
Waite, L. J., & Gallagher, M. (2000). The Case for Marriage: Why Married People Are Happier, Healthier and Better off Financially. New York: Doubleday.
Wanous, J. P., Poland, T. D., Premack, S. L., & Davis, K. S. (1992). The effects of met expectations on newcomer attitudes and behaviors: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(3), 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.77.3.288
Warr, P. (1987). Work, unemployment, and mental health. Oxford University Press.
Yoruk, C. E. & Yoruk, B. K. (2012). The impact of drinking on psychological well-being: Evidence from minimum drinking age laws in the United States. Social science and Medicine, 75: 1844-1854.
Zikmund, W. G. (2003) Business Research Methods. 7th Edition, Thomson/ South-Western.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
