Conflict Management and Performance of Health Care Professionals in Teaching Hospitals in Rivers State
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47672/ejh.620Keywords:
Conflict, Conflict Management, Performance, Negotiation, Collaboration, AccommodationAbstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to conflict management and performance of health care professionals in Teaching Hospitals in Rivers State.
Methodology: The study used a cross sectional research design involving medical doctors, nurses, medical laboratory scientists and pharmacists in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and Rivers State University Teaching Hospital. A Multi-stage sampling was employed to select 165 healthcare professionals from both hospitals. The reliability of the instrument was achieved by the use of the Cronbach Alpha coefficient with all the items scoring above 0.70. The hypotheses were tested using the Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0. The tests were carried out at a 95% confidence interval and a 0.05 level of significance.
Findings: Results from analysis of data revealed that conflict management significantly predict performance of health care professionals in Teaching Hospitals in Rivers State.
Recommendation: The study recommends that health care professionals’ collaboration should be adopted in Teaching Hospitals. This includes sharing of patient information, joint participation in the care and in the decision-making process, and degree of cooperation, must be carefully scrutinized and implemented with the added input of nurses, physicians and other paramedics.
Downloads
References
Adler, R. B., & Towne, N. (1990). Looking out/looking in. NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Adomie, E. E. & Anie, S. O. (2005). Conflict management in Nigeria university libraries. Journal of Library Management, (27) 8, 520–530.
Almusdy, A. A. (2007), Factors for selection of strategies to confront conflict. Scientific Journal of Economics and Trade, 1 (1), 1-55.
Amegashie, J. A.(2010). On third-party intervention in conflicts: an economist’s view. Peace Economics. Peace Science and Public Policy, 16 (2), 1–10, Article 11
Aquilano, N.J. & Chase, R. B. (2001). Fundamentals of operations management. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Armstrong, M. (2000). A handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers.
Arndt, M., & Bigelow, B. (2000). Presenting structural innovation in an institutional environment: Hospitals’ use of impression management. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(3), 494–522.
Awan, A. G. &Anjum, K. (2015). Cost of High Employess turnover Rate in Oil industry of Pakistan, Information and Knowledge Management, 5(2), 92-102.
Ayandiran, E.O., Ola, O.C., Salami, K.K., & Agunbiade, O.M. (2015). Experiences of conflicts and conflict management styles among healthcare professionals: Do conflict’s perception and attitude matter? Ife Social Sciences Review, 24(2), 1-15.
Banerji, A. & Dayal, A. (2005). A Study of Communication in Emergency Situations in Hospitals. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 9(2), 35-45
Banerji, A. & Dayal, A. (2005). A Study of Communication in Emergency Situations in Hospitals, Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict 9(2), 35-45
Beckno, B. T. (2006). Preparing the American Soldier in a brigade combat team to conduct information operations in the contemporary operational environment. Master’s thesis presented to the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Fort Leavenworth, KS.
Behfar, K. J., Peterson, R. S., Mannix, E. A. & Trochim, W. M. (2008). The critical role of conflict resolution in teams: A close look at the links between conflict type, conflict management strategies, and team outcomes. Journal of applied psychology, 93(1), 170.
Brett, J. M. (2001). Negotiating globally. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Brinkert, R. (2010). A literature review of conflict communication causes, costs, benefits and interventions in nursing. Journal of Nursing Management, 18, 145 – 156.
Bronstein, L.R. (2003). A Model for Interdisciplinary Collaboration. National Association of Social Workers. ISSN: 0037- 8046. Magazine/ Journal Academic English.
Burns, L. R., & Wholey, D. R. (1993). Adoption and abandonment of matrix management programs: Effects of organizational characteristics and inter-organizational networks. Academy of Management Journal, 36(1), 106–138.
Cascio, W.F. (2006). The economic impact of employee behaviors on organizational performance. California Management Review, 48, 41-59.
Chen, J., Silverthorne, C. & Hung, J. (2006). Organisation Communication, Job Stress, Organizational Commitment, and Job Performance of Accounting Professionals in Taiwan and America. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 27(4), 242–249.
Cheruiyot, K. K. (2012). The geography of the intra-national digital divide in a developing country: A spatial analysis of regional-level data in Kenya. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (AAT 3469804)
Chukwu, J. (2008). The challenges of industrial conflict to an emerging economy. International Journal of Business Management, 2(4), 25-35.
Claessens, B., Roe, R. &Rutte (2009). Time management: Logic, effectiveness & challenges, In: Roe, R., Waller, M. & Clegg, S. (Eds), Time in organizational Research, London, Routledge, UK, 23-41
Damanpour, F. (1991). Organizational innovation—a meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Academy of Management Journal, 34, 555–590
De Dreu, C. K. W. & Weingart, L.R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team performance,and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (4), 741-749.
De Drue, C. & Van De Vliet, (1997). Productive conflict: The importance of conflict management and conflict issue. Sage Publications, London.
De Dreu, C.K.W., Weingart, L.R. & Kwon, S. (2000). Influence of social motives on integrative negotiation: a meta-analytic review and test of two theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 889-905. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.889
Deetz, S. A. & Stevenson, S.L. (1986). Managing interpersonal communication. New York: Harper and Row.
Dougherty, M.B., & Larson, E. (2005). A review of instruments measuring nurse-physician collaboration. Journal of Nursing Administration, 35(5), 244-253.
Downs, L. J. (2008). Time management training. Alexandria, Va: ASTD Press
Elloy, D. F., Terpening, W., & Kohls, J. A. (2001). Causal model of burnout among self-managed work team members. Journal of Psychology, 135, 321–335
Elmagri, M.I. (2002). Strategies of organizational conflict management and their relations with conflict intensity, constructive conflict and Effectiveness of Management in the Libyan Banking (MBA), Benghazi University.
Erinosho O. A. (1998). Health sociology. Ibadan: Sam Bookman.
Erogluer, K. (2011). Örgütsel letisim iles Tatmini Unsurları Arasındaki _liskiler: Kuramsal Bir _nceleme”, Ege Akademik Bakıs / Ege Academic Review 11(1), pp.1409-1424
Eruteyan, J. O. (2008). Effective time management for high performance in organizations. Journal of Nigerian Institution of Management, 44(3), 21-28.
Fashoyin, T (2002). Industrial relations in Nigeria. Ikeja: Longman Ltd
Ferro, G., Cracraft, C., & Dorsey, D. (2006). Integrating adaptability into special operations forces intermediate level education. (Institute Report #537). Arlington, VA: Personnel Decisions Research Institutes, Inc.
Gardner, D. B. & Cary, A. (1999). Collaboration, conflict, and power: lessons for case managers. Family Community Health, 22, 64–67.
Gerardi D. (2004). Using mediation techniques to manage conflict and create healthy work environments. AACN Clinical Issues, 15 (2), 182 – 195.
Gilboa, E. (2002). Media and Conflict: Framing Issues, Making policies, shaping opinions. NY, Ardsley: Transitional Publishers Inc.
Gilbert, J. A. & Ivancevich, J. M. (2000). Diversity management time for a new approach. Public Personnel Management, 29, 75-92.
Gittell, J. H., Fairfield, K., Bierbaum, B., Head, W., Jackson, R., Kelly, M., Laskin, R., Lipson, S., Siliski, J., Thornhill, T. & Zuckerman, J. (2000). Impact of relational coordination on quality of care, postoperative pain and functioning, and length of stay: A nine-hospital study of surgical patients. Medical Care, 38, 807–819.
Goris, J. R. (2007). Effects of satisfaction with communication on the relationship between individual-job congruence and job performance/satisfaction. Journal of Management Development, 26(28), 737- 752.
Gregory, R. J. (2004). Thematic stages of recovery in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 58, 335-348.
Halimatu, O. (2002). Labour conflict and management in tobacco Industries. Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 1(2), 18-26.
Hall, P. & Weaver, L. (2001). Interdisciplinary education and teamwork: A long and winding road. Medical Education, 35, 867 - 875.
Hill, L. (2001). Eighteenth-century anticipations of the sociology of conflict: The case of Adam Ferguson. Journal of the History of Ideas, 62(2), 281 – 299).
Hitt, M. A., Tihanyi, L., Miller, T., Connelly, B. (2006). International diversification: antecedents, outcomes, and moderators. Journal of Management, 32(6), 831-867.
Hult, G. T. M., Hurley, R. F., & Knight, G. A. (2004). Innovativeness—its antecedents and impact on business performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(5), 429–438.
Huseman, R. C., Logue, C. M. & Freshley, D. L. (1977). Readings in interpersonal and organizational communication. Boston: Holbrook Press, Inc.
Ibid, (2013). Patricia Kameri Mbote (2011). Kenya: Justice Sector and the Rule of Law, Discussion Paper, A review by AfriMAP and the Open Society Initiative for Eastern Africa, March 2011, Available at: http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/kenya-justice-law-discussion-2011.
Iyang, U. S. (1998). Interprofessional conflict in Nigeria’s health care system. Nigeria Journal of Health Planning Management 3, 47–50.
Jehn, K. A., & Bendersky, C. (2003). Intragroup conflict in organizations: A contingency perspective on the conflict outcome relationship. Research in organizational behavior, 25, 187-242.
Jehn, K., & Mannix, E. (2001). The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 238–251.
Jex, S. M., Adams, G. A. & Bachrach, D. G. (2003). The impact of situational constraints, role stressors, and commitment on employee altruism. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18, 171–180.
Jin, Z., Hewitt-Dundas, N., & Thompson, N. J. (2004). Innovativeness and performance: Evidence from manufacturing sectors. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 12 (4), 255–266
Jones, G., George, J. & Hill, C. (2000). Contemporary management. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Jung, Y. & Wang, J. (2006). Relationship between total quality management (TQM) and continuous improvement of international project management (CIIPM). Technovation, 26 (5), 716-722.
Kaplan, R.S. & Norton, D.P. (1992). The balanced scorecard – Measures that drive performance, Harvard Business Review, (1), 71-79.
Kapusuzoglu, S. (2010). An investigation of conflict resolution in educational organizations. African Journal of Business Management, 4 (1), 096 – 102.
Kathleen, A., McGrail, K.A., Morse, D.S., Gessner, T., & Gardner, K. (2009). What is found there: Qualitative analysis of physician-nurse collaboration stories. Journal of General Internal Medicine 24(2), 198-204.
Kaynak, H. (2003). The relationship between total quality management practices and their effects on firm performance. Journal of Operations Management, 21(4), 405–435.
Kazimoto, P. (2013). Analysis of Conflict Management and Leadership for Organizational Change. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 3(1), 16-25.
Kelly, J. (2006). An overview of conflict. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 25 (1): 22 – 28.
Kiragu, D. N. (2005). A Survey on the adoption of the balanced scorecard by selected companies in Kenya. University Of Nairobi, Unpublished MBA Project.
Kleinman, C. S. (2004). Leadership strategies in reducing staff nurse role conflict. JONA, 34, 322–324.
Knapp, M. L., Putnam, L. L. & Davis, L. J. (1988). Measuring interpersonal conflict in organizations: where do we go from here? Management Communication, 1, 414–429.
Kornhauser, A., Dubin, R. & Ross, A. (Eds) (1954). Industrial conflicts. New York, McGraw-Hill.
Kroposki, M., Murdaugh, C. L. & Tavakoli, A. S. (1999). Role clarity, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction during hospital reengineering. Nursing Connect, 12: 27–34.
Lawrence, J.W. (2010). Technological change financial innovation and financial regulation in the us, the challenges for public policy, cited from citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.155.1655.
Lipton, M. (2003). Guiding growth: How vision keeps companies on course. Boston, Harvard Business School Press
Lorelei, L., Lingard, L., Espin, S., Evans, C., & Hawry, L. (2004). The rules of the game: interprofessional collaboration on the intensive care unit team. Critical Care Medicine, 8(6), R 403-R408.
Luthans, F. (2008). Organization behaviour. London: Mc Graw Hill
Maher, (2002). Organizational behaviour 7th edition. Egypt: Alder Aljameaya
Manser, T. (2009). Teamwork and patient safety in dynamic domains of healthcare: A review of the literature. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 53, 143–151.
Marriner-Tomey, A. (1996). Guide to nursing management and leadership. St. Louis: Mosby.
Martin-Rodriquez, L., Marie-Dominique, B., D’amour, D., Ferrada-Videla, M. (2005). The determinants of successful collaboration: A review of theoretical and empirical studies. Journal of Inter-Professional Care, supplement, 1, 132-147.
Mayer, B.S. (2008). The dynamics of conflict resolution: A practitioner’s guide. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
Medina, J. F., Munduate, L. M., Dorado, M. A. & Guerra, M. J. (2005). Types of intergroup Conflict and effective reactions. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 20(314), 219-230.
Mughal, M. R. & Khan, M. (2013). Impact of conflict and conflict management on organizational performance. International Journal of Modern Business Issues of Global Market, 1 - 19.
Nair, A. (2006). Meta-analysis of the relationship between quality management practices and firm performance – implications for quality management theory development. Journal of Operations Management, 24(6), 948-75.
Neale, M. A. & Fragale, A. R., (2006). Social cognition, attribution, and perception in negotiation: The role of uncertainty in shaping negotiation processes and outcomes. In L. L. Thompson (Ed.), Negotiation theory and research, 27 -54. Madison, CT: Psychology Press.
Neely, A, Adams, C. & Crowe, P. (2001). The performance prism in practice. Measuring Business Excellence, 5(2), 6-12.
Neely, A., Adams, C. & Crowe, P. (2001). The performance prism in practice. Measuring Business Excellence, 5(2), 6-12.
Newstrom, J.W. (2007). Organizational behavior: Human behavior at work. McGraw-Hill Publications
Nistorescu, T. (2006). Patterns and strategies of interpersonal conflicts mediation during the projects, University of Craiova.
Norman, G.V. (1998). Handling conflict. In Interdisciplinary team issues: Ethics in medicine. University of Washington School of medicine.
Norreklit, H. (2003). The Balanced Scorecard: What is the score? A Rhetorical Analysis of the Balanced Scorecard. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28(6), 591-619
North, Y. (2004). God’s Clock maker; Richard of Wallingford & the invention of time. Oxbow Books
O’Connell, M. T., & Pascoe, J. M. (2004). Undergraduate medical education for the 21st century: leadership and teamwork. Family Medicine, 36(Suppl), S51–S56.
O’Driscoll, M. P. & Beehr, T. A. (2000). Moderating effects of perceived control and need for clarity on the relationship between role stressors and employee affective reactions. Journal of Soc Psych., 140, 151–159
Ogbimi, R., & Adebamowo, C.A. (2006). Questionnaire survey of working relationships between nurses and doctors in teaching hospitals in Southern Nigeria. BioMed central Ltd.BMC Nursing, 5:2 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472- 6955/5/2.
Ogbonnaya & Ogbonnaya & Adeoye-Sunday (2007). The perception of health professions on causes of interprofessional conflict in a tertiary health institution in Abakaliki, Southeast Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Medicine, 16(2), 161-168.
Ogunbameru, O. (2006). Organizational Dynamics. Ibadan. Spectrum Book Publishers.
Omisore, Adesoji and Abioye-Kuteyi (2017). Interprofessional rivalry in Nigeria’s Health Sector: A comparison of doctors and other health workers’ views at a secondary care center. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 0(0), 1-8.
Orjiako, A. B. C. (1996). Inter-professional conflict resolution in the health sector. Nigerian Journal of Medicine; 5(1), 28-31
Osabuohein, (2014). Industrial conflict and health care provision in Nigeria: An Interdisciplinary Discuss on the Human Condition. Retrieved from: www.covenantuniversity.edu.ng. 5/12/13
Owoseni, O. (2011). An Examination of Some Determinants of Industrial Conflict in Employee-Employer Relationship. Retrieved from www.ilo.org: www.ilo.org/public/english/iirajdocuments/congress/regional/lagos2011/
Patrick, J. M. (2008). Management. New York: Barron's Educational Series.
Pérez, L.M., Polanco, R., Rios, J. C., Montealegre, J., Valderrama, L., Herrera, R., & Besoaín, X. (2007). The increase in endochitinases and β-1,3-glucanases in the mutant Th650-NG7 of the Trichoderma harzianum Th650, improves the biocontrol activity on Rhizoctonia solani infecting tomato. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 30(6), 135-138.
Petković, M. (2008). Organizaciono ponašanje, Ekonomski fakultet Beograd, Beograd
Phillips, J. G., Jory, M., & Mogford, M. (2007). Decisional Style and eParticipation, Proceedings of the 19th Australasian conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Entertaining User Interfaces, Adelaide, Australia, November 28-30, 2007, 139-141.
Preliminary Empirical Study in Electronics Companies. Singapore Management Review, 27(1), 87-105
Pruitt, D. & Kim, S. (2004). Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate and Settlement. Boston: McGraw Hill
Puntilo, K.A., & McAdam, J.L. (2006). Communication between physicians and as a target for improving end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: challenges and opportunities for moving forward. Critical Care Medicine, 34(11)
Rafferty, A.M., Ball, J., & Aiken, L.H. (2001). Are teamwork and professional autonomy compatible, and do they result in improved hospital care? Quality in Health Care, 10(Suppl2), 32-37.
Rahim, A. (2002). Toward theory of managing organizational conflict, The International Journal of Conflict Management, 13 (3), 206-235.
Rease, D. J. & Sonrag, M. A. (2001). Successful interprofessional collaboration on the hospice team. Health Soc Work, 26(3): 167-175
Richmond, V. P., McCroskey J. C., & McCroskey L. L. (2005). Organizational Communication for Survival: Making Work. Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights MA
Robbin, S. P., & Sanghi, R. (2005). Conflict resolution. India: Dorling Kindersley Printing Ltd.
Robbins, S., Judge, T. & Sanghi, S. (2009). Organizational Behavior. Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
Robins, L. (2009). Insiders versus outsiders: Perspectives on capacity issues to inform policy and programs. Local Environment, 14(1), 47-61.
Rogers, T. (2004). Managing in the interprofessional environment: a theory of action perspective. Journal of Interprofessional Care 18(3), 239-249
Roseline, I. &Clement, A. (2006). Questionnaire on nurses and doctors in University Teaching Hospitals in Southern Western Nigeria. BMC Nursing, 5: 2.
Rosenstein, A. H. (2002). Nurse-Physician relationships: Impact in nurse satisfaction and retention. American Journal of Nursing, 102(6), 26-34.
Salami S. O. (2009). Conflict resolution strategies and organizational citizenship behaviour: The moderating role of trait emotional intelligence. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 41 - 63.
Sandy, S.V., Boardman, S. K. & Duetsch, M. (2000). Personality and conflict. In TheHandbook of Conflict Resolution. Theory and Practice (M. Deutsch & P.T. Colemaneds), pp. 289–315. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, CA.
Sanner, L., & Wijkman, P. M. (2005). Benchmarking business practices in Swedish manufacturing firms, Working Paper No. 3
Santos, J.B. & Brito, L. A. L. (2012). Toward a subjective measurement model for firm performance. Brazilian Administrative Review, 9(6), 95-117.
Saulo, M., & Wegener, R.J. (2000). Mediation training enhances conflict management by healthcare personnel. American Journal of Management Care, 6 (4), 473 – 483.
Scott, W. (2004). Institutional theory. in Encyclopedia of Social Theory, George Ritzer, ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 408-14
Siders, C. T., & Aschenbrener, C.A. (1999). Conflict management, Part 1. Conflict management checklist: a diagnostic tool for assessing conflict in organizations. Physician Executives, 25 (4), 32-37.
Singels, J, Ruël, G., & Water, H. (2001). ISO 9000 series - Certification and performance.
Solans, E. D. (2003). Financial innovation and monetary policy. Excerpts of speech delivered at the 38th SEACEN Governors Conference and 22nd Meeting of the SEACEN Board of Governors on "Structural Change and Growth Prospects in Asia –Challenges to Central Banking", Manila (13 February 2003). http://host.uniroma3.it/eventi/wolpertinger2009/37.pd
Swansburg, R.C. & Swansburg, R. J. (2002). Introduction to management and leadership for nurse managers. Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Terziovski, M., & Samson, D. (1999). The link between total quality management practice and organizational performance. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 16, 226-237.
Thompson, L. (2005). The mind and heart of the negotiator. Pearson Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
Thompson, J., Arthur A., Strickcan, A. J. & Gamble, J. E. (2010). Crafting and executing strategy. New York, NY.
Todorova, M. & Mihaylova-Alakidi, V. (2009). Aspects of Behaviour of Healthcare Specialistsin Conflict Situations. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 8, (Suppl. 2), 395 – 399.
Tressler, D. M. (2007). Negotiation in the new strategic environment: Lessons from Iraq. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute.
Tucker, A. L., Nembhard, I. M., & Edmondson, A. C. (2007). Implementing new practices: An empirical study of organizational learning in hospital intensive care units. Management Science, 53(6), 894–907
Ushiro, R. (2009). Nurse–Physician Collaboration Scale: development and psychometric testing. Journal of Advanced Nursing 65: 1497-1508
Vancouver, J. B. (2000). Self-regulation in organizational settings: A tale of two paradigms. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (303-336). San Diego: Academic Press.
Walston, S. L., Burns, L. R., & Kimberly, J. R. (2000). Does reengineering really work? An examination of the context and outcomes of hospital reengineering initiatives. Health Services Research, 34(6), 1363–1388.
Wilmot, W.W. & Hocker, J.L. (2007). Interpersonal conflict, seventh edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Wilson J.L. (2004). Conflict management does not have to create conflict. Account Today, 9(20):1-3.
World Health Organization, (2006). Working together for health. World Health Report, World Health Organization, Geneva.
Yu, X, & Davidhizar, R. (2004). Conflict management styles of Asian and Asian American nurses: implications for the nurse manager. Health Care Management, 23, 46-53.
Zajac, E. J., Golden, B. R., & Shortell, S. M. (1991). New organizational forms for enhancing innovation: The case of internal corporate joint ventures. Management Science, 37(2), 170–184.
Zaman,K.H., Shah,S. S. & Jamsheed,H.(2011).Relationship Between Rewards and Employees Motivation in Non-profit Organisations of Pakistan Business Intelligence Journal, 4, 327-334
Zu, X. (2009). Infrastructure and core quality management practices: How do they affect quality? International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 26(2), 129-149.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Adim, Chidiebere Victor; , Odili, Chukwuemeka Pope , Aigboje, Patrick Oyaregba
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
