Effect of Almijiri on Conflict in Kaduna State
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47672/ejcm.852Keywords:
Almijiri, conflict, culture, inclusive education, poverty, street beggingAbstract
Purpose: The empirical study assessed the Effect of Almijiri on Conflict in Kaduna State.
Methodology: The culture of poverty theory by Oscar Lewis (1966) was employed to analyze the social cultural factors influencing the system of Almijiri in Kaduna state. Survey design was adopted for the study. 252 Almijirai, malamai, and members of the public were selected using a simple random sampling via lottery across six Local Government Areas in the state. Regression analysis and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were employed to measure the relationship between the dependent variable (conflict) and the independent variable Almijiri (proxy by Street Begging and Poverty).
Findings: The findings from Analysis of Variance showed a significant positive relationship between street begging and conflict in Kaduna state (48%). Also, poverty has a positive and significant relationship with conflict in Kaduna state (49%).
Recommendation: The study recommends appropriate measures like the Universal Basic Education Act and the Tsangaya Model School should be fully implemented by the government to harness and galvanize the system with modern and inclusive education.
Downloads
References
Abbo, U., Zain, Z. M. and Njidda, A. B. (2017). The Almijiri System and Insurgency in Northern Nigeria: A Reconstruction of the Existing Narratives for Policy Direction. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development. Volume 6, Issue 8
AbdulQadir, I. A. (2003). The Almijiri System of Education in Nigeria Today. A Paper Presented at the 21st Convocation Lecture of Bayero University
Africa Insiders (October 1, 2019). Behind Nigeria's Islamic School "˜Torture House'. Assessed on 13/04/2021
Akinbola G. E. (2002). Poverty Reduction through the Crop Sub-sector in Nigeria: A Regional Perspective in Okunmadewa, F.Y.(ed), Poverty Reduction and the Nigeria
Albert, I. O. (1993). Violence in Metropolitan Kano: A Historical Perspective. Urban Violence in Africa 111-138
Aliyu, A. A. (2006). Child Labor in Zaria, Nigeria. Annals of African Medicine. Volume 5, No. 2
Amoo, A. (2018). List of Tsangaya (Almijiri) Model School Built Under Jonathan Across Nigeria. EduCeleb.com. Assessed on 23/05/2021
Awofeso, N., Ritchie, J. and Degeling, P. (2003). The Almijiri Heritage and the Threat of Non-State Terrorism in Northern Nigeria: Lessons from Central Asia ans Pakistan. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. Volume 26, No. 4
Bambale, J. A. (2007). Almijirai and the Problem of Begging in Kano State: The Role of the Shekarau Administration. Ethiopia Paper read at 7th Ben Africa Annual Conference.
BBC News (October 15, 2019). "˜Tortured' and Shackled Pupils Freed From Nigerian Islamic School. Assessed on 10/08/2021
CBS News (2019). New Revelations about Islamic Reform Schools in Nigeria Paint Horrifying Picture of Physical, Sexual Abuse. Assessed on 14/03/2021
Coser, L. A. (1956). Some social functions of violence The Annals of the American Academy of Political and social science 64(1)
Esan, O. (2009). Panhandler as rhetors: discourse practices of peripatetic beggars in southwestern Nigeria. California Linguistic Notes 34.2:1-18
Fawole, A.O., Ogunkan, D. and Omoruan, A. (2011). The Menace of Begging in Nigerian Cities: a Sociological Analysis. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 3(1): 9-14.
Geoff, L. (1978). Peasant politics: conflict and development in Murang, New York; St. Martin's Press Ltd
GIDP (2005). A Hidden Crises: Report of Global IDP Project. Geneva, Switzerland.
Gundaker, G. (2007). Hidden education among African Americans during slavery. The Teachers College Record 109 (7), 1591-1612.
Gur, T. (1980). Hand Book of Political Conflict: Theory and Research. New York, The Free Press.
Hayden, S. (2017). Nigeria's BokoHaram-Fighting Vigilantes Losing Heart. The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/nigeria-s-boko-haram-vigilantes-losing-heart-1.3179531
Isa, M. and Danjuma, Y. (2015). The Almijiri Education System: Origin, Dynamics and Challenges. Taraba Journal of Political Science and International Relations. Volume 2, No. 1 and 2
Isaac, O. A. (ND). Violence in Metropolitan Kano: A Historical Perspective. INFRA-Nigeria.
JDPCA and CHRICED (2015). Research Report on Labor Exploitation of Almijiri: to De-Escalate Insecurity in Kano State North-West Nigeria. Unpublished.
Kennedy C, Fitzpatrick S. (2001). "Begging, Rough sleeping and Social Exclusion: Implication for Social Policy" J. Urban. Environ., 38(11): 2001 -2016
Lewis, O. (1966). The Culture of Poverty. Scientific American. Volume 215, No. 4
Mansur, I. S. (2007). The Almijiri Child Cross - Roads: Responsibilities of Parents and the State in Protecting and Promoting his Rights to Survival under the Law. Journal of Islamic Law Volume 4 (5)
National Bureau Statistics (2011). Annual Abstract of Statistics
News 24 (October 2, 2019). Exposed: Islamic House of Torture in Nigeria. Accessed 20/08/2021
Ogbuehi,V. N. (2019). The Almijiri System in the Face of Surging Security Challenges in Nigeria. Journal of Forensic Sciences and Criminal Investigation. Volume 12, issue 4. ISSN 2476-1311
Ogunkan, D.V. (2009). Socio-economic implication of begging in Ogbomosho, Nigeria. B.Sc. Dissertation, Dept. of Sociology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Okunmadewa, F. (2002). Poverty reduction and the agricultural sector in Nigeria. El-Shaddai Global Ventures Ltd.
Paden, J. N. (197. Religion and Political Culture in Kano. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Rancière, J. (1991). The Ignorant Schoolmaster: Five Lessons in Intellectual Emancipation (K. Ross, Trans.). Stanford University Press.
Soyinka, W. (2012). The butchers of Nigeria" Newsweek, 16 January. Accessed on 23/09/2021 http//:www.newsweek.com/wole-soyinka Nigeria's anti-Christian-terror sect Boko Haram (2012). 64153.
Taiwo, F. J. (2013). Transforming the Almijiri Education for the Benefit of the Nigerian5Society. The Journal of Education and Social Research. Volume 3, No. 9
Tamuno, T. N. (1991). Peace and Violence in Nigeria: The Panel on Nigeria since Independence History Project. University of Ibadan Secretariat, Ibadan. .
UNICEF. (2017). Children Under Attack at Shocking Scale in Conflicts Around the World. https://www.unicef.org/media/media_102357.html
World Bank. (2000). World development report 2000/01: attacking poverty. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Zakir, A., Abubakar, U., Lawal, U. S., Imrana, H., Habibu, I. T., Hassan, I. H. and Harande, M. M. (2014). The practice of Amijiri: prospect and socio-medical challenges in Northern part of Nigeria. Journal of African Studies and Development. Volume 6(7). ISSN 2141-2189
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Onuh, Sixtus Samuel, Akpa, Amona Adah, Kabuk, V. Elias, Sanni, Obaje Sebastian
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.