A Study on the Chemical and Phytochemical Composition of Gongronema Latifolia (Utasi) Leaf Meal, Using Performance and Organ Histopathology of Grower Rabbits as Indices of Its Nutritional Significance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47672/ejah.1506Keywords:
Gongronema Latifolia, Grower Rabbits, In-Vitro, In-Vivo, Leaf Meal, Organ HistopathologyAbstract
Studies were carried out to determine the chemical composition of the leaf meal of Gongronema latifolia (Utasi), using organ histopathology of mixed breed grower rabbits as an in-vivo confirmatory reflector of its nutritional significance after a feeding trial. The proximate analysis of the leaf meal yielded 8.04%; 14.25%, 60.39%, 6.26%, 2.84% and 2.84% of moisture; crude protein, NFE, ash, ether extract and crude fibre respectively on dry matter bases and 2903.41Kcal/kg. In the mineral analysis, minerals detected were: Calcium (10.80mg/ 100g), Magnesium (45.00mg/ 100g), Potassium (486.00mg/ 100g), Sodium (3.86mg/ 100g), and Phosphorus (395.30mg/ 100g). The phytochemical screening of the leaf meal yielded 1.03, 0.37, 0.47, and 0.55g/100g of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins and Tannin, respectively. Other phytochemicals found were Phenols (0.17mg/100g), Phytates (0.12mg/100g), and cyanogenic glycosides (7.07mg/100g). Analysis of the leaf meal protein detected 17 (seventeen) amino acids, comprising of both essential and non-essential amino acids, almost in the ratio of 1:1. In the feeding trial with rabbits, 4 experimental diets were formulated such that diet 1 (control) contained 0% Gongronema latifolia leaf meal (GLLM) while diets 2, 3 and 4 contained 10%, 20% and 30% GLLM, respectively. Each diet was fed to a group of 9 grower rabbits for 49 days. All performance parameters (average initial body weight, average final body weight, average body weight gain, average daily feed intake, average daily body weight gain, and feed-to-gain ratio), were not significantly (P<0.05) affected by dietary treatments. There were no lesions of pathologic significance in the tissues (liver, kidney and pancreas) examined. The results of the in-vivo and in vivo investigations suggest that GLLM is not toxic, and is sufficiently nutritious to support rabbit production.
Downloads
References
A. O. A. C. (2006). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis, 18th Edition, Washington, D. C.
Abegude, T. O., Olajide, R., Asaniyan, E. K. and Adedeji, O. A. (2013). Performance characteristics of growing rabbits fed graded levels of Garcinia kola leaf meal as a replacement for maize. Proc. 38th Conf. Nig. Soc. Anim. Prod., 38: 243 - 247.
Adama, T. Z. and Nma, Y. B. (2002). An evaluation of feeding value of five types of forages fed to growing rabbits. J. of Sustain Trop Agric. Res. 4:45 - 49.
Adebayo, J. O., Yakubu, M. T., Egwin, E. C., Oyewole, V. B. and Enaibe, B. U. (2003). Effect of ethanolic extract of Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical paramers of rat kidney. J. Ethnopharmacol., 88, (1): 69 -72.
Adegbola, A. A. (2004). Utilizing proven alternative feed ingredients in the livestock Industry. Proc., 29th Annual Conf. Nig. Soc. Anim. Prod., Sokoto, Nig. 21 - 25th March, 2004. 29: 431 - 436.
Adejumo J. O. (2002). Utilization of different levels of gliricidia leaf meal by growing rabbits. Proc. 7th Ann. Conf. on Austic Self Advocacy Network. September 16 - 19, 2002, University of Agric. Abeokuta, Nigeria, 7: 98 - 100.
Agunbiade, J. A., Adeyemi, O. A., Fasina, O. E., Ashorobi, B. O., Adebanjo, M. O. and Waide, O. A. (1999). Cassava peels and leaves in the diet of rabbits: Effect on performance and Carcass characteristics. Nig. J. of Anim. Prod., 26:29 - 34.
Akpavie, S. O. (2008). Animal Disease patterns and protein supply in Nigeria: an inaugural lecture delivered at the University of Ibadan. Ibadan University Press.
Amata, I. A. (2010). The effect of feeding Gliricidia Leaf Meal (GLM) on the hematological, serological and carcass characteristics of weaned rabbits in the tropics. Agric. Biol. J. M. Am., 1 (5): 1057 - 1060.
Anandagoda, N. and Lord, G. M. (2015). Preventing aristolochic and nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol., 10: 167 - 168.
Aremu, M. O., Olanisakin, A., Bako, D. A. and Madu, P. C. (2006). Compositional Studies and phytochemical characteristics of cashew nut (Anarcardium occidentale) flour. Pak. J. Nutr., 5 (4): 328 - 333.
Asongwed, A. A., Abakar, O. and Vail, E. (2003). Intake and digestibility of Calapogonium mucunoides based diets fed to Draft Donkeys during the dry season. Revue Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop., 56: 205 - 210.
Ayoade, J. A., Carew, S.N and Aneh, A. E. (2007). The feed value of Sugarcane scrapping meal for weaner rabbits: Growth, meat yield and cost of production. Proc., 32nd Annual Conf., Nig. Soc. Anim.Prod., 18 - 21 March 2007. Univ. Of Calabar, 32: 227 - 229.
Ayuk, A., Iyayi, E. and Okon, B. I. (2002). Proximate composition and tannin content of some multipurpose tree leaves. Global journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1 (2): 77 - 82.
Biobaku, W. O. and Oladipupo, O. O. (2002). Optimum methionine and lysine requirements of growing rabbits. Science forum: Journal of pure and Applied Science 1: 37 - 41.
Bohm, B. A. and Kocipai-Abyazan, R. (1994). Flavonoid and condensed tannins from leaves of Vaccinum raticulation and Vaccinum calcyimium. Pacific Sci., 48: 458 - 463.
Bolarinwa, I. F., Oke, M. O., Olaniyan, S. A. and A S Ajala, A. S. (2016). https://www.intechopen.com/books/toxicology-newaspects-to-this-scientific-conudrum/review-of glycosidesin-edible- plants, pp. 179 - 191.
De Smet, P. A. G. M. (1992).Toxicological outlook on quality assurance of herbal remedies: In: Adverse effects of herbal drugs. Vol. 1. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Egbo, M. I., Doma, U. D. and Lacdaks, A. B. (2001). Characteristics of small scale rabbit production and management in Bauchi metropolis. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conf. of Nigeria Society for Animal production, Zaria, 26: 18 - 21.
Ekeanyanwu, R. C. and Ononogbu, I. C. (2009). Nutritive value of Nigerian Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L.). Int. J. of Tropical Agric. And Food System, 3 (4): 286 - 292.
Eruvbetine, D.Tajudeen, I. D., Adeosun, T. A. and Olojede, A. A. (2003). Cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf and tuber concentrate in diets for broiler chickens. Bio Resource Tech., 86: 277 - 281.
Eruvbetine, D.Tajudeen, I. D., Adeosun, T. A. and Olojede, A. A. (2003). Cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf and tuber concentrate in diets for broiler chickens. Bio Resource Tech., 86: 277 - 281.
Esonu, B. O. (2006) Animal Nutrition and Feeding: A Functional Approach. Memory Press, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, Vol. 1 pp. 202.
Esonu, B. O., Azubuike, J. C. and Ukwu, H. O. (2004). Evaluation of Microdesmis puberula leaf meal as feed ingredients in laying hen diets. Intl. Journal of Poultry Science, 3(2): 96 - 99
Esonu, B. O., Emenalom, O. O., Udedibie, A. B. I., Anyanwu, G. A., Madu, U. and Inyang, A. O. (2005). Evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf meal on the performance, carcass characteristics and egg quality of laying hens. Intl. J. Agric. Rural Dev., 6: 208 - 212.
Esonu, B. O., Iheukwumere, F. C., Emenalom, O. O., Uchegbu, M. C. and Etuk, E. B. (2002). Performance, nutrient utilization and organ characteristics of broilers fed Microdesmis puberula leal meal. Livestock research for Rural Development, 14(16) 146: www.cipav.org.col/irrd14/6/esonu146.htm.
F. A. O. (1977). Amino acid contents of food and biological data on protein. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, pp. 19 - 21.
Field, R. A., Stegelmeier, B. L, Colegate, S. M., Brown, A. W. and Green, B. T. (2015). An in-vitro comparison of the cytotoxic potential of selected dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids and some N- oxides. Toxicon., 97: 36 - 45.
Griffiths, D. W. and Thomas, T. A. (1981). Phytate and total phosphorus content of field beans (Vicia faba). Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture, 32:187 - 192.
Harbone, J. B. (1973). Phytochemical Methods. A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. Chapman and Hall, London, U.K.
Ige, A. O., Odunsi, A. A., Akinlade, J. A., Ojedapo, L. O., Ameen, S. A., Aderinola, O. A. and Rafiu, T. A. (2006). Gliricidia leaf meal in layer's diet: Effect on performance, Nutrient digestibility, and Economy of production. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 5: 483 - 486.
Iheukwumere, F. C., Onyekwere, M., Nwoche, G. and Saulawa, L.A. (2002). Evaluation of growth performance, blood mineral profile and carcass characteristics of weaner rabbits fed rice milling waste. J. Sustainable Trop. Agric Res., 4:61 - 66.
Liener, I. E. (1977). Removal of naturally occurring toxicants through enzymatic processing. In: Feeney, R. E. and Whiter, J. R. (ed)., Food proteins: Improvement through chemical and enzymatic modification. American Chem. Society, Washington D. C., pp. 72 - 78.
Little, T. M. and Hills, F. J. (1978). Agricultural Experimentation, Design and Analysis. John Willey & Sons. Inc. New York.
Mfam, K. (2002). Cross River State: the people's paradise: Basic Review and facts. John and co. press.
Moreki J. C (2007). Commercial rabbit production. Agrinews Magazine, 38(10): 2 - 12.
Nweze, B.O. (2005). Performance of young rabbits fed two grass and two legume species supplemented with compounded diet. Trop. J. Animal science, 8 (2): 91 - 95
Nworgu, F. C. and Fapohunda, J. B. (2002). Performance of broiler chicks fed mimosa (Mimosa invisa) leaf meal supplements. Proc., 28th Annual Conf. Nig. Soc. Anim. Prod., Fed. Univ. of Tech., Akure, Nigeria, 28: 128 - 131.
Oakenful, D. and Sidhu, G. S. (1989). Saponins. In: Toxicants of Plant Origin. Vol. II, Cheeke, P. R. (ed)). Acad. Press, New York, pp. 78 - 113.
Okoli, I. C., Anumobi, M. O., Obua, B. E. and Enemor, V. (2003). Studies on selectedbrowsessouthernNigeria with particular reference to their proximate and some endogenus anti-nutritional constituents. Livestock research for Rural Development, (15) 19 http://www.utafoundation.org/irrd159/oko 1159.htm.
Okoli, I. C., Ebere, C. S., Emenalom, O. O., Uchegbu, M. C. and Esonu, B. O. (2001). Indigenous livestock production paradigms revisited. III. An assessment of the proximate values of most preferred indigenous browses of southeastern Nigeria. Tropical Animal Production Investigation., 4: 99 - 107.
Olabanji, R. O. Farinu, G. O., Akinlade, J. A., Ojebiyi, O. O., Odunsi, A. A. and Akigbade, A. A. (2007). Studies on hematological and serum biochemical characteristics of weaner rabbits fed different levels of wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia Hemsl A. Gray) leaf-blood meal mixture. Int. J. Agric. Apic. Res., 4 (1/2): 80 - 89.
Ortserga, A. A., Andyar, A. C. and Anthony, T. L. (2008). Growth performance of growing rabbits fed graded levels of garlic (Allium sativum). Proc., 33rd Annual Conf. Nigeria Soc. Anim. Prod., Ayetoro, Nig., 16th - 19th March, 2008. 33: 189 - 191.
Osagie, A. U. (1998). Anti-nutritional factors. In: Osagie, A. U. and Eka, O. U. (ed), Nutritional Quality of Plant Foods. Benin City, Postharvest Res. Unit, University of Benin, pp. 221 - 244.
PAuzenga, U. (1985) Feeding Parent Stock. Zootech. International. Vol. 1, pp. 22 - 25.
Pearson, D. (1976). Chemical analysis of foods. 7th Edition, Churchill Livingstone, London.
Perez, V. and Chang, E. T. (2014). Sodium-to-potassium ratio and blood pressure, hypertension, and related factors. Adv Nutr., 5: 712 - 741.
Prince, K. R., Johnson. I. T., and G R Fenwick, G. R. (1987). The chemical and biological significance of saponins in foods and feeding stuffs. CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 26: 27 - 135.
Sawaya, W. N., Daghir, N. J. and Khalil, J. K. (1986). Citrullus colocynthis seeds as potentialsource of protein for food and feed. J. Agric. Food Chem., 34 (2): 285 - 288.
Siddaramanna, B. S. V., Reddy, H. S., Madhusudhan, B. H., Manjunetha, P., Mohan, K. and Javashankar, M. R. (2009). Effect of Dried Brewer's Grain as a source of fibre in the diet of Angora Rabbits on growth performance. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8 (8):1167 - 1169.
Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, W. G. (1978). Statistical Methods. Iowa State University Press. Ames, Iowa. 6th ed.
Speckwan, D. H., Stein, E. H., and MOOR, S. (1958). Automatic recording apparatus for use in chromatography of amino acids. Analytical Chemistry, 30: 1191.
Tewe, O. O. (2003). Economics of the commercial utilization of low and alternative feed resources. Proc., 28th Annual Conf. Nig. Soc. Anim. Prod., Akure, March 17 - 20, 2003, 28: 466 - 468.
Udedibie, A. B. I., Essien, C. A. and Obikaonu, H. O. (2005). Comparative performance of young growing rabbits fed diets containing cracked and cooked jackbean and jackbean soaked in water prior to cooking. Nig. J. Anim. Prod., 32 (2): 261 - 267.
Ukorebi, B. (2021). Nutritional Evaluation of the Leaf Meal of Gongronema latifolia. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 9 (5): 124 - 130.
Ukorebi, B. A. (2018). Hematological and serum biochemical characteristics of rabbits fed varying dietary levels of Gongronema latifolia (utasi). J. Sci. Engineering and Technology, 5 (1): 75 - 81.
Ukorebi, B. A. (2022). Hematology and serum biochemistry of rabbits fed graded dietary levels of rice offal and palm kernel cake. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) 15 (8): 29 - 36.
Ukorebi, B. A. and Akpet, S. O. (2019). Performance, carcass and organ weight characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of Gongronema latifolia. Nigerian J. Anim. Sci., 21 (3): 294 - 302.
Ukorebi, B. A., Akpet, S. O. and Gboshe, P. N. (2019). Hematology, serum biochemistry and organ histopathology of broiler chickens fed graded dietary levels of Gongronema latifolia (Utasi). Nig. J. Anim. Prod., 46 (2): 164 - 175.
Ukorebi,B.A. (2002). Chemical Evaluation of the seeds of Milletia obanesis. Msc. Thesis University of Calabar, Calabar-Nigeria.
Van Dijk L. (2003). Rabbit production guidelines for the Malawi Prison Service. Penal Reform International. Lilongwe, Malawi.
Vohra, P., Herrick, R. B., Wilson, W. O. and Siopes, T. D. (1972). The uses of ipil ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) in the diets of laying chickens and laying quails. The Philippine Agriculturist, 56: 104 - 113.
Yff, B. T. S., Kerry, L., Lindsey, M. B., Taylor, D. G. E. and Jayer, A. K. (2002). The pharmacological screening of Pentanisia. J. Ethnopharmacol., 79: 101 - 107.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Ukorebi, B. A., John, U. E.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
