Morus alba; A Ray of Hope for Psychiatric Illnesses
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47672/ajhmn.1671Keywords:
Morus alba, White Mulberry, Anxiolytic, Anxiogenic, Antidepressant, Antioxidant, MacerationAbstract
Purpose: Over the years, plants have been used in treatment of various health ailments. Morus alba also known as White Mulberry is a deciduous tree which belongs to family Moraceae. Mulberry is rich in antioxidants such as hydrophobic flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamin A, C and E.
Materials and Methods: This study analyses the central nervous system activities including memory enhancement, learning abilities, changes in behavior, cognition, anxiety and depression. These effects will be studied on experimental mice, which will be distributed in control and test groups. Aqueous fruit extract prepared by Maceration extraction will be given to test group in three different doses per oral over a time period of 30 days, whereas control will be given water for injection for same duration.
Findings: Afterwards, changes in aforementioned effects will be observed to determine the pharmacological effects of taken fruit. The obtained results suggest an antidepressant like effect of mulberry in the initial two weeks of dosing. Afterwards it shows anxiolytic effect at higher doses.
Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: All these tests can be repeated weekly while dosing the animals daily for 90 days for chronic toxicity analysis. Furthermore, we can add a brain biopsy/histopathology to evaluate the changes in chemical neurotransmitters.
Downloads
References
Andallu, B., Suryakantham, V., Srikanthi, B. L., & Reddy, G. K. (2001). Effect of mulberry (Morus indica L.) therapy on plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clinica Chimica Acta, 314(1-2), 47-53.
Antunes, M., & Biala, G. (2012). The novel object recognition memory: neurobiology, test procedure, and its modifications. Cognitive processing, 13(2), 93-110.
Chang, B. Y., Kim, S. B., Lee, M. K., Park, H., & Kim, S. Y. (2016). Nonclinical Safety Assessment of Morus alba L. Fruits: Study of 90"D Toxicity in Sprague Dawley Rats and Genotoxicity in Salmonella. Journal of Food Science, 81(5), T1328-T1335.
Cui, X., Chopp, M., Zacharek, A., Roberts, C., Buller, B., Ion, M., & Chen, J. (2010). Niacin treatment of stroke increases synaptic plasticity and axon growth in rats. Stroke, 41(9), 2044-2049.
De Souza, V. R., Pereira, P. A. P., Da Silva, T. L. T., de Oliveira Lima, L. C., Pio, R., & Queiroz, F. (2014). Determination of the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of Brazilian blackberry, red raspberry, strawberry, blueberry and sweet cherry fruits. Food chemistry, 156, 362-368.
Dkhil, M. A., Bauomy, A. A., Diab, M. S., & Al-Quraishy, S. (2015). The antioxidant effect of Morus alba leaves extract on kidney, testes, spleen and intestine of mice. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 47(2).
Ercisli, S., & Orhan, E. (2007). Chemical composition of white (Morus alba), red (Morus rubra) and black (Morus nigra) mulberry fruits. Food Chemistry, 103(4), 1380-1384.
Guo, J., Li, L., Li, Y., Fan, Z., Wang, X., Li, Z., ... & Hu, X. (2019). Ascorbic acid facilitates neural regeneration after sciatic nerve crush injury. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 13, 108.
Hernández-Pedro, N., Granados-Soto, V., Ordoñez, G., Pineda, B., Rangel-López, E., Salazar-Ramiro, A., ... & Sotelo, J. (2014). Vitamin A increases nerve growth factor and retinoic acid receptor beta and improves diabetic neuropathy in rats. Translational Research, 164(3), 196-201.
Imran, M., Khan, H., Shah, M., Khan, R., & Khan, F. (2010). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of certain Morus species. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 11(12), 973-980.
Iqbal, M., Mir, K., & Munir, M. (2010). Physico-chemical characteristics of different mulberry cultivars grown under agro-climatic conditions of Miran Shah, North Waziristan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Pakistan. Journal of Agricultural Research (03681157), 48(2).
Kaewkaen, P., Tong-un, T., Wattanathorn, J., Muchimapura, S., Kaewrueng, W., & Wongcharoenwanakit, S. (2012). Mulberry fruit extract protects against memory
Kang, T. H., Hur, J. Y., Kim, H. B., Ryu, J. H., & Kim, S. Y. (2006). Neuroprotective effects of the cyanidin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside isolated from mulberry fruit against cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience letters, 391(3), 122-126.
Kheirvari, S., Uezu, K., Sakai, T., Nakamori, M., Alizadeh, M., Sarukura, N., & Yamamoto, S. (2006). Increased nerve growth factor by zinc supplementation with concurrent vitamin A deficiency does not improve memory performance in mice. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology, 52(6), 421-427.
Kim, S. B., Chang, B. Y., Jo, Y. H., Lee, S. H., Han, S. B., Hwang, B. Y., ... & Lee, M. K. (2013). Macrophage activating activity of pyrrole alkaloids from Morus alba fruits. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 145(1), 393-396.
Lee, J. (2011). A study on recognition and preference for processed product developments of mulberry (Morus alba L) fruit products. Culinary science and hospitality research, 17(2), 231-243.
Marashly, E. T., & Bohlega, S. A. (2017). Riboflavin has neuroprotective potential: focus on Parkinson's disease and migraine. Frontiers in neurology, 8, 333.
Nakajima, K. I., Niisato, N., & Marunaka, Y. (2011). Genistein enhances the NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. Biomedical Research, 32(5), 351-356.
Ralph Kenney August 24, 2014 IMMORTAL MUSINGS Mulberry Leaf as an Anti-psychotic?
Ross, G. M., Shamovsky, I. L., Lawrance, G., Solc, M., Dostaler, S. M., Jimmo, S. L., ... & Riopelle, R. J. (1997). Zinc alters conformation and inhibits biological activities of nerve growth factor and related neurotrophins. Nature medicine, 3(8), 872-878.
Sattayasai, J., Tiamkao, S., & Puapairoj, P. (2008). Biphasic effects of Morus alba leaves green tea extract on mice in chronic forced swimming model. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 22(4), 487-492.
Savage, S., & Ma, D. I. I. I. (2014). III. Animal behaviour testing: memory.
Takao, K., & Miyakawa, T. (2006). Light/dark transition test for mice. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments), (1), e104.
Tao, X. Y., Zhang, D. W., Chen, R. D., Yin, Y. Z., Zou, J. H., Xie, D., ... & Dai, J. G. (2012). Chemical constituents from cell cultures of Morus alba. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi China journal of Chinese materia medica, 37(24), 3738-3742.
Tatem, K. S., Quinn, J. L., Phadke, A., Yu, Q., Gordish-Dressman, H., & Nagaraju, K. (2014). Behavioral and locomotor measurements using an open field activity monitoring system for skeletal muscle diseases. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments), (91), e51785.
Vijayan, K., Saratchandra, B., & da Silva, J. A. T. (2011). Germplasm conservation in mulberry (Morus spp.). Scientia Horticulturae, 128(4), 371-379.
Wang, Y., Xiang, L., Wang, C., Tang, C., & He, X. (2013). Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects and phytochemicals of mulberry fruit (Morus alba L.) polyphenol enhanced extract. PLoS One, 8(7), e71144.
Xu, S. L., Bi, C. W., Choi, R. C., Zhu, K. Y., Miernisha, A., Dong, T. T., & Tsim, K. W. (2013). Flavonoids induce the synthesis and secretion of neurotrophic factors in cultured rat astrocytes: a signaling response mediated by estrogen receptor. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.
Yadav, A. V., & Nade, V. S. (2008). Anti-dopaminergic effect of the methanolic extract of Morus alba L. leaves. Indian journal of pharmacology, 40(5), 221.
Yang, Z. G Kitanaka, S. (2011).., Matsuzaki, K., Takamatsu, S., & Inhibitory effects of constituents from Morus alba var. multicaulis on differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and nitric oxide production in RAW264. 7 cells. Molecules, 16(7), 6010-6022.
Yankelevitch-Yahav, R., Franko, M., Huly, A., & Doron, R. (2015). The forced swim test as a model of depressive-like behavior. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments), (97), e52587.
Yao, C. H. E. N., Qian, L. I., Ye, Z. O. U., Xiang, Z. Z., Wei, F. W., Tuan, B. Y., ... & Yang, 2014 W. X. Letter to the Editor Protective Effect of Mulberry Extract against Pb-induced Learning and Memory Deficits in Mice.
Zafar, M. S., Muhammad, F., Javed, I., Akhtar, M., Khaliq, T., Aslam, B., ... & Zafar, H. (2013). White mulberry (Morus alba): A brief phytochemical and pharmacological evaluations account. International journal of agriculture and biology, 15(3).
Zhang, C., Li, J. M., Hu, J. L., & Zhou, X. (2018). The effects of large doses of vitamin C and vitamin E on nerve injury, neurotrophic and oxidative stress in patients with acute craniocerebral injury. Journal of Acute Disease, 7(2), 69.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Afshan Siddiq, Sidra Mohiuddin Soofi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
