Forensic Accounting Techniques and Procurement Practices in Federal Government Parastatals of Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47672/ajacc.1508Keywords:
Forensic Accounting Techniques, Procurement Practices, Public Sector, Value for Money PracticesAbstract
Purpose: The application of forensic accounting techniques in public procurement practices helps to maintain value for money. Loss attributable to fraud in the public sector environment due to leakages in procurement practices, which in turn affected the economic growth and development of the nation. Evidence from literature showed that many public sector of Nigeria have not deployed forensic accounting techniques in deriving maximum value from government spending. Hence, the study investigated the effect of forensic accounting techniques on procurement practices in public sector of Nigeria. This study therefore examines the effect of forensic accounting techniques on procurement practices in Federal Government parastatals in Nigeria. The study adopted survey research design.
Methodology: The population of the study was 5 federal government agencies. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 2 agencies. The target population of the study was 131 accountants in the two agencies chosen- Nigeria Port Authority and Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority. Total enumeration was adopted. A validated and structured questionnaire was used to administer 131 copies of the questionnaire to the respondents. 126 copies were retrieved which represented 96% retrieval rate. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients ranged from 0.740 – 0.892. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential (multiple regression) statistics at 5% level of significant.
Findings: The result found that forensic accounting techniques had significant effect on value for money practice in public sector of Nigeria (Adj. R2 = 0.299; F (6, 125) = 14.352, p < 0.05).
The result also found that forensic accounting techniques had positive significant effect on procurement practices (Adj. R2 = 0.270, F (6, 125) = 12.562, p <0.05). The study concluded that forensic accounting techniques influenced value for money practices (measured by procurement practices) in federal public sector of Nigeria.
Recommendations: The study therefore recommended that government should formulate policy that will mandate the use of forensic accounting techniques in order to avoid leakages and achieve value for money in government businesses.
Downloads
References
Abdulrahman M. H. A, Yajid M. S. A, Khatibi A., & Azam S. M. F. (2020). Forensic accounting on fraud detection in the UAE Banking Sector. European Journal of Management, Marketing Studies, 5(2), 13-37.
Abebe, G. (2016.). Efficiency, accountability and transparency in public procurement: The level of compliance in Africa (Ethiopian Case) -5th International Public Procurement Conference (IPPC5) Dublin, Ireland. Retrieved from www.ippa.org/ippc5_proceedings6.html on 26th January, 2016.
Abuorabi, Y. (2019). Skills of forensic accountants as expert witnesses and admissibility of expert testimony. A PhD Thesis Submitted to the Western Sydney University. Retrieved on 01/04/2022 from https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:56773/
Achua, J. K. (2009). Reinventing governmental accounting for accountability assurance in Nigeria. Nigeria Research Journal of Accountancy, 1(1), 1-16.
Adams, J. A. (2001). Political corruption and national economic decline: an assessment of the impact of political corruption on the Nigerian economy. Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration. 1(2), 105-119.
Adegbie F. F., Dada S. O., Owoeye K. & Siyanbola T. T. (2020). Application of forensic accounting techniques as antidote for curbing fraud in Nigeria Budget Implementation. International Journal of Research Science & Management, 7(8), 12-22.
Adegbie, F. F. & Fakile, A.S. (2012). Economic and financial crime in Nigeria: Forensic accounting as antidote. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 6(1), 37-50
Adegite, E. O. (2010). Accounting, accountability and national development. Nigerian Accountant, 43(1), 56-64.
Adesina K, Erin O, Ajetunmobi O, Ilogho S., & Asiriuwa O. (2020). Does forensic audit influence fraud control? Evidence from Nigerian deposit money banks. Banks and Bank Systems, 15(2), 214-229.
Akhidime, A. E. & Uagbale-Ekatah, R. E. (2014). The growing relevance of forensic accounting as a tool for combating fraud and corruption: Nigeria Experience. Research journal of finance and accounting, 5(2).
Akinadewo I.S., & Akinkoye E.Y. (2019). Application of forensic accounting on fraud detection in Nigerian Deposit Money Banks (DMBs). Proceedings of the 15th RSEP International Conference on Economics, Finance & Social Sciences, 26-28 November, 2019, University of Washington Rome Center, Rome, Italy, ISBN: 978-605-80676-8-4/December 2019.
Akinadewo I.S., Akinkoye E.Y., Oyedokun G.E.,& Asaolu T.O. (2019). Tax audit and direct tax revenue in lottery industry in Nigeria: Can forensic accounting bridge the gap? Fountain University Osogbo Journal of Management (FUOJM), 4(2), 73-92.
Akinadewo, I. S. & Akinkoye, E.Y. (2020). Application of forensic accounting and domestic debt management on government revenue in Nigeria. Issues in Business Management and Economics, 8 (3), 25-32.
Akintoye, I. R. (2008). The basics of environmental and forensic accounting. Akoka-Yaba: Unique Educational Publishers.
Albrecht, S., Howe, K. & Romney, M. (1984). Deterring fraud: The internal auditor’s perspective. Altamonte Springs, Fla: Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation.
Ali, A. B. & Mohamed I., (2017). Perception of forensic accounting education as a tool for anti-fraud in Libya. International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research, 5(11), 83-89.
Alshurafat, H., Al Shbail, M.O., & Mansour, E. (2021). Strengths and weaknesses of forensic accounting: an implication on the socio-economic development. Journal of Business and Socio-economic Developmen,. 1(2), 135-148.
Alwardat, Y. & Benamraoui, A. (2014) Value for money and audit practice: Lessons and facts from the literature. Life Science Journal, 11(2), 14-17.
Anyanwu, J. C., 1997. Nigerian Public Finance. Onitsha: Joanne Educational Publishers.
Appah, E. (2009). Value for money audit: A viable tool for promoting accountability in the
Appah, Ebimobowei & Inini, Wilfred Joseph (2021). Forensic investigation and mitigation of occupational fraud in the Nigerian public sector. Journal of Accounting and Financial Management, 7(1), 26-44.
Ariali D. L. & Crumbley, D. L., (2019). PwC and the colonial bank fraud: A perfect storm. Journal of Forensic and Investigative Accounting. 11(3), 440-458.
Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. (2003). Higher Education Initiative. Retrieved from http://www.cfenet.com
Asusu U. P. (2019). Effect of forensic auditing on reducing fraud cases in Nigeria money deposit banks. An African Journal of Arts and Humanities. 5(2). 15-35.
Azih, N. & Okoli, B. E. (2015). Forensic accounting as a veritable tool for efficient management of state owned public sectors in Ebonyi state: The Accountants Perspective. British Journal of Education, 3(8), 55-62.
Bakare, A. S. (2011). The crowding effects of corruption in Nigeria: An empirical study. Journal of Accounting and Financial Management, 3(1), 23-33.
Bamett, C., Barr, J., Christie, A., Duff, B. & Hext, S. (2010). Measuring the impact and value for money of governance and conflict programmes. Journal of Business Management and economics, 2(2), 059-068
Bangura A.B. (2020). Forensic accounting techniques and fraud prevention in Sierra Leonean deposit Money banks. Asian Journal Economics., Business and Accounting, 14(2), 20-50.
Barnett T. (2010). Measuring the impact and VfM of Governance & conflict programmes. Journal of Business Management and economics, 2(2), 059-068
Bassey, E. B. (2018). Effect of forensic accounting on the management of fraud in microfinance institutions in Cross River state. Journal of Economics and Finance, 9(4), 79-89.
Blessing, I. N. (2015). Empirical analysis on the use of forensic accounting techniques in curbing creative accounting. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(1), 1-16.
Bologna, G. J. & Lindquistn, R. J. (1987). Fraud auditing and forensic accounting: New tools and techniques. New York: Wiley and Sons.
Bologna, J. & Linquist, R. (1995). Fraud auditing and forensic accounting. New York: Wiley and Sons.
Bragy, O. T. (2010). The relevance of forensic accounting in fraud investigation. Asian Journal of Business Management 4(2), 124-134.
Carlson, R. L., Imwinkelried, E. J. & Kionka, E. J. (1991). Evidence in the nineties: cases, materials, and problems for an age of science and statutes(3rd ed.). Charlottesville VA: Michie company Law Publishers.
Centre for Forensic Studies (2010). Nigerian institute of advanced legal studies Lagos, Nigeria roundtable on the role of forensic and investigative accounting: challenges for the banking industry on the 19th July, 2010. Retrieved from Communique on Forensic and Investigative Account (nials-nigeria.org)
Clement A. C. M, & Adzor I. (2017). Accounting frauds: A review of literature. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22(4), 38-47.
Clement, O.O and Comfort, T.O (2018). Impact of forensic accounting and investigation on corporate governance in Ekiti state. Journal of Accounting, Business and Finance Research, 4(1), 28-36.
Coker, O. (2010). Accountability in third sector organizations: What role for accounting?
Collins, J. H., Shackelford, D. A., & Wahlen, J. M. (1995). Bank differences in the coordination of regulatory capital, earnings, and taxes. Journal of accounting research, 33(2), 263-291.
Cressey, D.R. (1973). Other people’s money-a study in the social psychology of embezzlement New York: Paterson Smith Publishing Company NJ.
Crumbley, D. L. (2012). Forensic accounting older than you think. Journal of Forensic Accounting, 4(3), 132-141
Crumbley, D. L., Heitger, L. E., & Smith, G. S. (2015). Forensic and investigative accounting. Chicago, IL: CCH Group,
Dada, S. O & Jimoh F.B. (2020). Forensic accounting and financial crimes in Nigeria public sector. Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 12(4), 118-125.
Dada, S. O., (2014). Forensic accounting technique: a means of successful eradication of corruption through fraud prevention, bribery prevention and embezzlement prevention in Nigeria. Arabian Journal of business and management review, 4(1), 176-186.
Dada, S. O., Owolabi, S. A. & Okwu, A. T. (2013). Forensic accounting a panacea to alleviation of fraudulent practices in Nigeria. International journal business management economic resources, 4(5), 787-792.
Dandago, K. I. (2008). The constitutional fight against corruption in Nigeria: Is it enough? International Journal on Governmental Financial Management, 3(1). 61-69.
Dhar, P., & Sakar, A. (2010). Forensic accountants: An accountant vision. Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce, 15(3), 93–104.
Dorminey, J., Fleming S., Kranacher, M. & Riley R. (2010). The evaluation of fraud theory. Denver: American Accounting Association Annual Meeting.
Economic Financial Crimes Commission (2004). Economic and financial crimes commission establishment act, 2004 retrieved from https://www.nfiu.gov.ng/images/Downloads/downloads/efcc.pdf
Eden District Council (2019). Efficiency and value for money policy. Retrieved on 01/04/2022 from https://www.eden.gov.uk/media/3813/efficiency-and-value-for-money-policy.pdf.
Ene, E. (2000). Value for money in the public sector. Lagos: Institute of Chartered Accountant of Nigeria.
Erasmus, E. G. & Ibezim, O. F. (2021). Forensic accountants as an expert witness in Nigeria: A literature reflection. International Journal of Economics and Financial Management, 6(2), 64-78.
Esu, B.B. & Inyang B.J. (2019). A case for performance management in the public sector in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(4), 98-105.
Eze, E.P., & Okoye, E.I. (2019). Forensic accounting and fraud detection and prevention in Imo state public sector. Accounting and Taxation Review, 3(1), 12-26.
Firas H. (2021). The role of forensic accounting techniques in reducing cloud based accounting risks in the Jordanian five stars hotels. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, 18(1), 434-443.
Firas. H. D. (2020). The role of forensic accounting techniques in detecting non numerical fraud risk factors in manufacturing corporations in Amman stock exchange. International journal of scientific & technology research. 9(12), 71-76.
Friday W., & Crumbley, D. L., (2021). Integrating forensic accounting technique for successful investigation and prosecution of economic and financial crime in Nigeria. Oil, Gas & Energy Quarterly. 461- 473.
Gbegi, D. O., & Adebisi, J. F. (2013). The New Fraud Diamond Model -How can it help forensic accountants in fraud investigation in Nigeria? European Journal of Accounting Auditing and Fiancé Research 1(4). 129-138.
Gire, J. T. (1999). A psychological analysis of corruption in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development, 1(2), 1-15.
Golden, T. W., Skalak, S. L. & Clayon, M.M (2000). A guide to forensic accounting investigation. Hoboken New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Haziel M., T., Yohanna G., J., & Fransis, O. (2021). An assessment of forensic accounting techniques in the prevention of revenue leakages in Nigerian federal universities. Journal of Accounting, 4(1), 1–21.
Henry, A. W., & Ganiyu, A. B. (2017). Effect of forensic accounting services on fraud reduction in the Nigerian banking industry. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 4(12). 112- 130. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.412.3342
Howard S. & Sheetz, M. (2006): Forensic accounting and fraud investigation for non- experts, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Huber, W. D. (2017). Forensic accounting, fraud theory, and the end of the fraud triangle. Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research, 12(2). 28-49.
Institute of Chartered Accountant of Nigeria (2021). Performance management study pack. Lagos, Nigeria: Institute of Chartered Accountant of Nigeria
Institute of Forensic Accountants of Nigeria (2016). Handbook for forensic accountings services for members’ use. Kaduna: Institute of Forensic Accountants of Nigeria
Islam, J., Rahman, H. & Hossan, T. (2011). Forensic accounting as a tool for detecting fraud and corruption: An empirical study in Bangladesh. ASA University review, 5(2), 77- 85.
Ismail, K., Takim, R., & Nawawi, A. H. (2012). A public sector comparator (PSC) for value for money (VFM) assessment tools. Asian Social Science, 8(7), 192-210.
Jafaru, J. (2011). Forensic accounting practice in Nigeria: A new paradigm for stakeholders. International Journal of finance and accountancy, 16(2), 14-22.
Johnson, I. E. (1996) Public Sector Accounting and Financial Control, Financial Training Nigeria, Lagos
Jones, T. & Prowle M. (2008). Health service finance London: Certified Accountants Education Trust.
Kalubanga M. & Kakwezi P. (2013). Value for Money Auditing and Audit Evidence from a Procurement Perspective -A Conceptual Paper. International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, 2(5), 115-124.
Kasum,, A. S. (2009). The relevance of forensic accounting to financial crimes in private and Public sectors of third world economies: A study from Nigeria. Proceedings of the 1st International conference on governance fraud ethics and social responsibility, June 11-13, 2009. Retrieved from http://ssm.com/abstract=1384242 on 15/01/2016.
Konie, G. (2003, July 23). National reconciliation, the post. A Zambian Newspaper, No. 2471, pp 11.
Koo, A. (2018). The role of the English courts in alternative dispute resolution. Legal Studies, 38(04), 666–683.
Kristic, J. (2009). The role of forensic accounting in detecting frauds in financial statements. Facta Universitatis Series Economic and organization, 6(3), 295-302.
Kurakaew, N., Kokkaew, N., & Suksuwan, N. (2016). The analysis of value-for-money (VfM) for public private partnership infrastructure: A public sector comparator approach. WMS Journal of Management, 5(1), 26-39.
Langseth, Petter J. P. & Rick S. (1997). The role of a national integrity system in fighting corruption. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Law Reform Commission. (2010). Alternative dispute resolution: Mediation and conciliation. Retrieved from https://www.lawreform.ie/_fileupload/reports/r98adr.pdf on 1/04/2022
Mathew R. E., Obasaju, B., Lawal, A., & Ise-olorunkanmi, J. (2013). Analysis of corruption and economic growth in Nigeria. Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2). 1-19.
Mclaren, P. & Trefanenk, M. (2012). Forensic accounting and fraud examination Retrieved from https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Forensic+Accounting+and+Fraud+Examination%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9781119494171
Milaham, N., & Milaham, M. (2020). Use of forensic accounting in prevention of frauds in bursary department, University of Jos, Nigeria. Journal of Educational Research in Developing Areas, 1(1), 80-87. https://doi.org/10.47434/JEREDA.1.1.2020.80
Moore-Bick, M. J. (2018). Service of Process: Documents Required in English Proceedings International Lawyer, 9(4), 699-715.
Mukoro, D. Yamusa, O & Faboyede, S. (2013). The Role of Forensic Accountants in Fraud Detection and National Security in Nigeria. BJMR, 6(1).
Mukoro, O. D., Faboyede, O. S. & Eziamaka, C. B. (2014). The effectiveness of forensic accountants in strengthening internal control of business organizations in Nigeria.
Nageri, K. I., Gunu U. & Abdul, F.A. (2013). Corruption and Economic Development: Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Business and Management Review, 3(2):
Naser, K. (2003). Creative financial accounting – Its nature and use. London: Prentice Hall.
Nosiri, Hilary; Uwakwe, Theresa; Nnenna, Abiahu, & Mary-Fidelis Chidoziem (2020). Forensic accounting and tax fraud detection in the Nigerian public sector. Taxation and Social Contract and Economic Development. Conference proceedings.
Nwankwo, B. C. (2002). Strengthening local government administration in Nigeria: The expected role of Nigerian Union of Local Government Employees (NULGE). Journal of Public Administration and Local Government. 10(2), 82-96.
Nwosu, M. E. (2015). Value for money audit: An accountability tool in the Nigeria public sector. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(6), 1537- 1544
Nwosu, M.E. & Mshelia, M.I. (2015). Value for money audit: A veritable tool for expenditure management. International Journal of Financial Research. 6(3), 150-162.
Nye, J. (1978). Corruption and political development: A cost-benefit analysis. American political science review, 61(2), 417-427.
Obuah, E. (2010). Combating corruption in a failed state: The Nigerian economic and financial crime commission. Journal of Sustainable development in Africa 12(1), 27- 47.
Ocansey, E. O. N. D. (2017). Forensic accounting and the combating of economic and financial crimes in Ghana. European Scientific Journal, 13(31), 379.
Ofurum, Darlington, Falope, Femi J, & Clement Ikwuoche G. (2020). Effect of forensic accounting on accountability evidence from ministry of finance, Awka. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 4(2), 707–714. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3842987.
Ogundele, O.K. & Opeifa A.Z. (2004). Emerging patterns of workplace fraud. In: S Fajana (Ed.): Global trends in industrial relations in Nigeria. Lagos: University of Lagos Press.
Ojaide, F. (2000). Frauds detection and prevention: the case of pension accounts. Nigerian Academic Forum, 10(2), 8-15.
Okey, O. O. & Eduno, E. B. (2014). Corruption, governance and public spending in Nigeria: Implication for economic growth. British Journal of Economic, Management and Trade, 4(1), 1680-1699.
Okoye, E. I. & Gbegi, D. O. (2013). Forensic accounting: a tool for fraud detection and prevention in the public sector. A study of selected ministries in Kogi State. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(3), 1-19.
Okoye, E. I., Adeniyi S. I. & James O. N. (2019). Effect of forensic accounting on fraud management on selected firms in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 3(12). 149-168.
Okunbor, J.A., & Obaretin, O. (2010). Effectiveness of the application of forensic accounting services in Nigeria organizations. AAU Journal of management science, 1(1) 171-18.
Olayinka, I.M., Ogundajo, G.O. & Adegbie, F.F. (2021). An epistemological review of fraud theories in the Nigeria context: A myth or reality. West African Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 10(2) 56-69.
Onuorah, A. C. & Appah, E. (2012). Accountability and public sector financial management in Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(6). 1-17.
Oseni, A. I. (2017). Forensic accounting and financial fraud in Nigeria: problems and prospects. Journal of Accounting and Financial Management, 3(1), 23-33.
Osie-Hwedie, B. Z. & Osie-Hwedie, K. (2000). The political, economic and cultural bases of corruption in Africa in Hope K.R and B.C. Chikulo eds. (2000), Corruption and Development in Africa. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.
Osisioma, B. C. (2013). Combating fraud & white collar crimes: Lessons from Nigeria. Paper Presented at 2nd Annual Fraud & Corruption Africa Summit, Held at Zanzibar Beach Resort, Zanzibar Republic of Tanzania.
Otalor, J. I. & Eiya, O. (2013). Combating corruption in Nigeria: The role of the public sector Auditor, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 4(4).
Owojori, A.A & Asaolu T. O. (2009). The role of forensic accounting in solving the vexed problem of corporate world. European Journal of Scientific Research, 29(2), 183-187.
Owolabi, S. A., Dada, S. O. & Olaoye, S. A. (2013). Application of forensic accounting technique in effective investigation and detection of embezzlement to combat corruption in Nigeria. Unique Journal of Business Management Research, 1(4), 065- 070.
Popoola, O. J., Che-ahmad, A. & Samsudin, R. S. (2015). Forensic accountant and auditor knowledge and skills requirements for task performance fraud risk assessment in the Nigerian public sector. Accounting Research Journal, 2(8), 78-97.
Premchand, A. (1999). Public Financial management: Getting the basics right”, in Schviavo-Campo, S. (ed). Governance, corruption and public financial management. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank.
Puspasari, N. (2015). Fraud theory evolution and its relevance to fraud prevention in the village government in Indonesia. Asia Pacific Fraud Journal, 1(2), 177-188.
PwC, (2021). Value for Money in the Public Sector. PwC Rwanda Insight and Publication. February 5, 2021.
Rae, K. & Subramaniam, N. (2008). Quality of internal control procedures: Antecedents and moderating effect on organizational justice and employee fraud. Managerial Auditing Journal, 23(2), 104-124.
Razee, Z., Crumbley, L. & Elmore, R. C. (2009). Forensic accounting education: a survey of academicians and practitioners. Teaching and Curriculum Innovations, 6(1), 193-232.
Safiyanu, S. Saifullahi S. I., & Armaya’U. A. S. (2019). The effect of forensic accounting investigation in detecting financial fraud: A study in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(2), 545-553.
Sharman, C. & Partner, O. B. (1984). Value for money auditing in the public sector. Dutch- British workshop in Amsterdam.
Skousen, C. J. & Wright, C. J. (2008). Contemporaneous risk factors and the prediction of financial statement fraud. Journal of Forensic Accounting, 9(1), 37-62.
Sorunke, O. A. (2016). Personal ethics and fraudster motivation: The missing link in fraud triangle and fraud diamond theories. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(2), 159-165.
Sule, S., Ibrahim, S. S., & Sani, A. A. (2019). The effect of forensic accounting investigation in detecting financial fraud: a study in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(2), 545–553.
Sutherland, E. H. (1949). White collar crimes. New York: Dryden Press.
Taiya H. M., Jugu Y. G., & Ojaide F.. (2021), Forensic accounting techniques: tools for preventing revenue leakages in Nigerian federal universities. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. 6(5), 1384-1393.
Tang, J. (2008) Value for money audit and improvements in project planning. Retrieved from https://www.slideserve.com/colby/value-for-money-audit-and-improvements-in-project-planning
Tapang A.T., & Ihendinihu J.U. (2020). Effect of forensic accounting services on unethical practices in Nigerian banking industry. Journal of Accounting and Management, 10(1), 35-49.
Telpner, Z., & Mostek, M. (2013). Expert witnessing in forensic accounting; A handbook for lawyer and accountant. Boca Raton London: CRC press,
Tokunboh, M. A. (1990). Public enterprise: The Nigeria experience. Lagos: Lantern Books.
Udeh, F N. P. (2014). Effectiveness for the value of money on capital expenditure in Nigerian public sector. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 10(10) 92- 112.
Ugwu, J.I. (2021). Forensic accounting and fraud control in Nigeria: A critical review. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting. 12(10), 112-120.
UK H.M. Treasury (2020). The green book: central government guidance on appraisal and evaluation. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/938046/The_Green_Book_2020.pdf,
US LEGAL. (2016). Expert witness and legal law. Retrieved fromhttp://definitions.uslegal.com/e/expert-witness/.
Wahlen. M (1995). Bank differences in the coordination of regulatory capital, earnings and taxes. Journal of Accounting Research, 33(2), 263–291.
Wamalwa, W. N. (1993). Causes and consequences of ethical crisis in Africa's public services. Ethics in Accountability in African Public Services Addis-Ababa: UNICA and AAPAM.
Wolf, D. T. & Hermanson, D. R. (2004). The fraud diamond: Considering the four elements of fraud. CPA Journal 7, 038-042.
Zhao, J., Greenwood, D., Thurairajah, N., Liu, H. J. & Haigh, R. (2022). Value for money in transport infrastructure investment: An enhanced model for better procurement decisions. Transport Policy, 118(1), 68-78.
Zinyama, T. (2013). Efficiency and effectiveness in public sector auditing: An evaluation of the comptroller and auditor general’s performance in Zimbabwe from 1999 to 2012. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(7), 1-15.
Zysman, A. (2004), Forensic accounting demystified, world investigators network standard practice for investigative and forensic accounting engagements. Ontario, Canada: Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountant.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Aremu, Paul Olabode, Olayinka, Ifayemi Moses
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
