Adequacy and Performance of Fire Protection Systems and Means of Escape in the Terminal Buildings of Kenya’s International Airports

Abstract

Purpose: Fire outbreaks are global hazard with potential to cause injuries, loss of life and damage to properties. To mitigate against these fires, fire safety of the building should be considered during the design and construction phases of a building, supported by effective implementation of fire safety management including provision of adequate serviceable and reliable fire protection and detection systems to enhance safety of buildings against unforeseen fires in complex occupancies like airports. This study assessed adequacy of fire protection systems and egress at international airports’ terminal buildings in Kenya.

Materials and Methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive survey, involving eight (8) International airports in Kenya. It involved use of checklists and photography to record observations in the workplace. A tape measure was used to take linear measurements of emergency exit door width, mounted portable fire extinguisher heights on walls.  The collected data were summarized, analyzed and presented in tables.

Findings: The study revealed that most fire protection systems and means of escape at Kenyan international airports were inadequate and poorly maintained. 19.7% of portable fire extinguishers lacked safety pins, 58.4% were uninspected or were overdue for inspection, 53.8% were obstructed, 18.4% had their gauge on red zone, 45.6% were mounted more than 60cm on the walls, 12.0% were exposed to adverse weather and none had undergone hydrostatic testing. 56.7% and 53.3% of hose reels were dry and lacked opening knobs respectively, while 58.6% were obstructed.  Fire hydrants were also deficient, with 61.2% of them had inadequate pressure, 55.8% lacked hydrant covers, 61.2% were dry while 61.5% were obstructed. Escape routes were equally compromised. Approximately 61.1% of the emergency exits were obstructed, 71.1% of the assessed workplace lacked alternative means of escape. About 87.5% of the assessed workplace lacked sprinkler systems.

Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study supports risk and safety management theories by showing that adequacy of fire protection systems and means of escape is not just a technical requirement but also a behavioral and organizational factor in enhancing airport safety. Further, it highlights the need for airport operators to prioritize regular inspection and maintenance of fire protection systems to ensure reliability.