A MODERN OVERVIEW ON DIABETES MELLITUS: A CHRONIC ENDOCRINE DISORDER
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47672/ejb.409Keywords:
Diabetes, pancreas, symptoms, treatment, herbal therapyAbstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine disorders that affect the body’s ability to make or use insulin. Diabetes mellitus (DM), or simply diabetes, is a group of chronic metabolic diseases in which a person experience high blood sugar, either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or because the body cells do not effectively use or respond to the insulin that is produced. This high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger). Conventionally, diabetes has been divided into three types namely: Type 1 DM or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in which body fails to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin or wear an insulin pump. This is also termed as "juvenile diabetes". Type 2 DM or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, with or without an absolute insulin deficiency. This type was previously referred to as or "adult-onset diabetes". The third main type is gestational diabetes which occurs when women without a previous history of diabetes develop a high blood glucose level during her pregnancy and may metamorphose to type 2 DM after giving birth. Currently available pharmacotherapy for the treatment of diabetes mellitus includes insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents. Thus, the present review underscores the issues surrounding the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment (especially use of anti-diabetic herbal species) of this killer disease with a view to suppressing its global spread and resurgence.
Downloads
References
Abate N, Chandalia M. (2007). Ethnicity, type 2 diabetes & migrant Asian Indians. The Indian Journal of Medical Research; 125(3):251–258
Akinkingbe OO (editor). Non-communicable Diseases in Nigeria: National Survey (Final Report) on Hypertension, Coronary Heart Disease, Diabetes mellitus, Haemoglobinopathy, G6PD Deficiency and Anaemia National Expert Committee on Non- Communication Disease. Federal Ministry of Health and Social services. Lagos 1997.
Alai, M. S.; Lin, W. J.and Pingale, S. S. (2015) Application of Polymeric Nanoparticles and Micelles in Insulin Oral Delivery. J. Food Drug Anal. 23 (3), 351–358.
Balde NM, Youla A, Balde MD, Kake A, Diallo MM, Balde MA, Maugendre D. (2006) Herbal medicine and treatment of diabetes in Africa: an example from Guinea. Diabetes Metab, 32:171-5.
Bastaki A (2005) Diabetes mellitus and its treatment. Int J Diabetes Metabolism 13: 111-134.
Chinenye S, Uchenna DI, Unachukwu CN, et al. (2008) The pattern of diabetes mellitus in Rivers State, Nigeria. Nig End Pract 2008; 2: 87–93.
Chinmay D. Deshmukh1, and Anurekha Jain (2015) Diabetes Mellitus: A Review, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 3 (3): 224-230 (2015)
Daniel SF, Norman RF. (2001) The Value of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine for Drug Discovery. Environ Health Perspect; 109:69-75
Deepthi B, Sowjanya K, Lidiya B, Bhargavi RS and Babu PS (2017) A Modern Review of Diabetes Mellitus: An Annihilatory Metabolic Disorder, Journal of In slico and In vitro Pharmacology, 2 (1):14, 1-5
DeFronzo RA. (1999) Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 131:281-303.
Derek LR. (2002) Current therapeutics algorithms for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 4:38-49.
Deshmukh, C.D. and Jain, A. (2015) Diabetes Mellitus: A Review, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 3 (3): 224-230
Dey L, Attele AS, Yuan CS (2002) Alternative therapies for type 2 diabetes. Altern Med Rev 7: 45-58.
Eddouks M, Maghrani M. (2004) Phlorizin-like effect of Fraxinus excelsior in normal and diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol, 9:149-54.
Ezuruike, U. F. and Prieto, J. M. (2014) The Use of Plants in the Traditional Management of Diabetes in Nigeria: Pharmacological and Toxicological Considerations. J. Ethnopharmacol. 155 (2), 857–924.
Harikumar K, B. Kishore Kumar, G.J. Hemalatha, M. Bharath Kumar, Steven Fransis Saky Lado (2015) A Review on Diabetes Mellitus, International Journal of Novel Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(3):201-217
Hother Nielsen O, Faber O, Sorensen NS, Beck– Nielsen H. (1988) Classification of newly diagnosed diabetic patients as insulin requiring or non-insulin requiring based on clinical and biochemical variables. Diabetes care, 11, 531–537.
International Diabetes Federation (African Region)/World Diabetes Foundation. Type 2 Diabetes Clinical Practice Guideline for sub-Saharan Africa. July 2006.
Jayaprasad B., Thamayandhi B., Shravanan P.S. (201) Traditionally Using Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants in Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences; 2(1):1–8.
Kesari AN, Kesari S, Santosh KS, Rajesh KG, Geeta W. (2007) Studies on the glycemic and lipidemic effect of Murraya koenigii in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol, 112(2):305-11.
Lawrence JM, Contreras R. Chen W, Sacks DA (2008). Trends in the prevalence of pre-existing diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women, 1999-2005. Diabetes Care 31(5): 899-904.
Manisha Modak, Priyanjali Dixit, Jayant Londhe, Saroj Ghaskadbi, and Thomas Paul A. (2007) Indian Herbs and Herbal Drugs Used for the Treatment of Diabetes., J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 40: 163–173.
Mehmet E O., Ioannis D.K. and Panoraia I.S. (2017) Diabetes Mellitus: A Review on Pathophysiology, Current Status of Oral Medications and Future Perspectives, Acta Pharm. Sci. Vol 55 No: 1. P61-82
Menser MA et al., (1978). Rubella infection and Diabetes Mellitus. Lancet. 1: 57 – 60.
Michael PK, Asim AB, and Robert SB. (2005) The Utility of Oral Diabetes Medications in Type 2 Diabetes of the Young. Curr Diab Rev;1:83-92.
Mohammad Nasar K (2017) Prevention and Management of Diabetes and its Complications by Unani Herbal Medicine - A Review, Endocrinology & Metabolism International Journal, 4(4): 00094
Motala AA. (2002)Diabetes Trends in African. Diabetes Metab Res Rev; 18:514-520.
Ogbera AO, Chinenye S, Onyekwere A, et al. (2007) Prognostic indices of diabetes mortality. Ethnicity and Diseases, 17: 721–5.
Olokoba, A. B.; Obateru, O. A.and Olokoba, L. B. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Current Trends. Oman Med. J. 2012, 27 (4), 269–273.
Olokoba, A.B., Obateru, O.A., Olokoba, L.B. (2012) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Current Trends, Oman Med J., 27(4): 269–273
Patel, D. K.; Kumar, R.; Laloo, D.; Hemalatha, S. (2012) Diabetes Mellitus: An Overview on Its Pharmacological Aspects and Reported Medicinal Plants Having Antidiabetic Activity. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2 (5), 411–420.
Patlak M. (2002). New weapons to combat an ancient disease: Treating diabetes. Federation of American Society for Experimental Biology, 16(14):1853-1857.
Plevyak M. (2011) The Role of Oral Agents in the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes. The Female Patient; 36:24–28.
Preethi Jaya P. (2013) Herbal medicine for diabetes mellitus: A Review, International Journal of Phytopharmacy , Vol. 3 (1), pp.01-22
Pulok KM, Kuntal M, Kakali M, Peter JH. (2006) Leads from Indian medicinal plants with hypoglycemic potentials. J Ethnopharmacol, 106:1–28.
Rahimi, M. A (2015) Review: Anti Diabetic Medicinal Plants Used for Diabetes Mellitus. Bull. Environ. Pharmacol. Life Scienes, 4 (2), 163–180.
Ranjan C, Ramanujam R. (2002) Diabetes and insulin resistance associated disorders: Disease and the therapy. Curr Sci. 83:1533-38.
Riaz Samreen, (2009) Review on Diabetes mellitus. Sci Res & Essay, 4 (5), 367-373.
Savage, D. B.; Petersen, K. F.; Shulman, G. I. (2007) Disordered lipid metabolism and the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Physiol. Rev., v.87, p.507-520, 2007.
Sharma, G.; Sharma, A. R.; Nam, J.-S.; Doss, G. P. C.; Lee, S.-S.; Chakraborty, C. Nanoparticle Based Insulin Delivery System: The next Generation Efficient Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes. J. Nanobiotechnology 2015, 13 (1), 74.
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes--2014. Diabetes Care 2014, 37 (Supplement_1), S14– S80.
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2015 Abridged for Primary Care Providers. Clin.
Stumvoll, M.; Goldstein, B. J.; Van Haeften, T. W. (2005) Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy. Seminar., v.365, p.1333-1346.
Subramani, K. and Pathak, S. (2012) Recent Trends in Diabetes Treatment Using Nanotechnology. 7 (1), 85–95.
Tiwari, A. K.; Rao, J. M. (2002) Diabetes mellitus and multiple therapeutic approaches of phytochemicals: Present status and future prospects. Curr. Sci., v.83, p.30-38.
Tripathi KD. (2003). Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, 3rd edition, Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp. 532-542
Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. (2004) Global prevalence of Diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care; 27:1047-1053.
World Health Organization. Global Report on Diabetes. 2016, 88.
Zimmet PZ et al., (1995). The pathogenesis and prevention of diabetes in adults. Diabetes care, 18, 1050–64.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Y Mukhtar, A Galalain, U Yunusa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
