Impact of Transparency on Public Trust in a Government Charity and Gaming Office as Mediated by Corporate Social Responsibility
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47672/ajppa.2519Keywords:
Public Administration, Transparency, Public Trust, Government Charity, Gaming Office, Corporate Social Responsibility, PhilippinesAbstract
Purpose: This study investigated the mediating role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the relationship between transparency and public trust in a government and charity gaming office in Davao City.
Materials and Methods: Using a quantitative, mediating design, samples of 300 clients were selected using stratified sampling surveyed through standardized modified instruments. The gathered data was analyzed using Mean, Pearson r, Regression and Medgraph using Sobel z-test. The pertinent results were presented appropriately in tables.
Findings: The findings revealed an overall high level of transparency within the organization. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a very high level of public trust, as well as a very high level of CSR. The test of relationship revealed significant correlation among the variables. The mediation analysis revealed that CSR significantly mediated the relationship between transparency and public trust in the organization. The relationships between the variables are all significant; therefore, there is only partial mediation of CSR on the relationship between transparency and public trust. Partial mediation suggests that not only is there a significant relationship between the mediator and the dependent variable but that there is also direct relationship between the independent and dependent variable.
Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study has uncovered significant implications for practice, theory, and policy regarding the relationships between transparency, public trust, and corporate social responsibility (CSR). It was found that transparency is closely linked to public trust and CSR. Specifically, a strong correlation was observed between transparency and public trust and between transparency and CSR. Additionally, a significant relationship was established between CSR and public trust. Given the overall high level of transparency observed, the researcher suggests that the PCSO branch in Davao City should maintain this level in this domain and focus on enhancing transparency across other indicators, particularly in terms of secrecy. To address this, it is recommended that the organization improve its information dissemination practices to clients. Moreover, future researchers must delve deeper into the relationships among transparency, public trust, and CSR, particularly within the context of Davao City or other regions of the country. More empirical studies on these variables need to be conducted in these specific contexts. Thus, further research could provide valuable insights for both academia and policymaking.
Downloads
References
Ahn, M. J., & Bretschneider, S. (2011). Politics of e-government: E-government and the political control of bureaucracy. Public Administration Review, May/June, 414-424.
Akerlof, G. A. (1970). The market for "lemons": quality uncertainty and the market mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 84, Issue 3, pp. 488-500.
Albu, O. B., & Flyverbom, M. (2016). Organizational transparency: Conceptualizations,conditions, and consequences. Business & Society. Advance online publication.doi:0.1177/0007650316659851
Armstrong, E. (2005). Integrity, transparency and accountability in public administration: Recent trends, regional and international developments and emerging issues. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Auger, G. A. (2014). Trust me, trust me not: An experimental analysis of the effect of transparency on organizations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 26, 325-343. doi:10.1080/1062726X.2014.908722.
Balkin, J. M. (1999). How mass media simulate political transparency. Cultural Values,393–413.
Bannister, F. (2011). The trouble with transparency: A critical review of openness in e-government. Policy and Internet, 3(1), 158–187. https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2866.1076.
Bannister, F., & Connolly, R. (2011). The trouble with transparency: A critical review of openness in e-government. Policy & Internet, 3(1), 1-30. doi:10.2202/1944-2866.1076
Barić, A. (2017). Corporate social responsibility and stakeholders: Review of the last decade (2006-2015). Business Systems Research, 8(1), 133-146. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsrj-2017-0011
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182
BatasangPambansaBlg. 42. An Act Amending the Charter of the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office.
Benson, R. T., & Trower, C. A. (2012). Data, leadership, and catalyzing culture change. The Magazine of Higher Learning, 44, 27-34.
Bentham, J. (1790). Writings on the poor laws, vol 1.Oxford: Clarendon.
Bentham, J. (1843). An essay on political tatics. In J. Bowering, The works of Jeremy Bentham (pp. 301-373). Enginburgh: William Tate.
Beshi T.D. & Kaur R. (2019). Public Trust in Local Government: Explaining the Role of Good Governance Practices. Public Organization Review (2020) 20:337–350 .Fromhttp://doi.org.10.1007/s11115-019-00444-6
Blind, P. K. (2010). Building trust in government: Linking theory with practice. In G. S. Cheema & P. Vesselin
Blowfield, M., & Murray, A. (2014). Corporate social responsibility: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press.
Bok, S. (1989). Secrets: On the ethics of concealment and revelation. New York: Random House.
Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R (1990). Direct and indirect effects: Classical and bootstrap estimates ofvariability. Sociological Methodology, 20, 115-140
Bouckaert, G., & Van de Steven, W. (2003).Comparing measures of citizen trust and user satisfaction as
indicators of ‘good governance’: Difficulties in linking trust and satisfaction indicators. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 69(3), 329–343.
Brin, P. & Nehme, M. N. (2019).Corporate Social Responsibility: Analysis of Theories and Models. Fromhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/336449852
Brito, J. (2011). Statement of Jerry Brito. Transparency through technology: Evaluating federal open-government efforts (pp. 43-65). Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Brown, J. T. (2017). The seven silos of accountability in higher education: Systematizing multiple logics and fields. Research & Practice in Assessment, 11, 41-58.
Brussaeau, J. (2011). The Business Ethics Workshops.Boston Academic Publishing.Vol. 1.
Buijze, A (2013). The Six Faces of Transparency. Article in Utrecht Law Review · July 2013. Downloaded from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/283936673.
Carroll, A. B. (2016). Carroll’s pyramid of CSR: taking another look. International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, 1 (1).doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40991-016-0004-6
Carroll, A. B., Shabana, K. M. (2010), “The business case for corporate social responsibility: a review of concepts, research and practice”, International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 85–105
Cheema, G. S. (2010). Building trust in government: An introduction. In G. S. Cheema & P. Vesselin (Eds.), Building trust in government: Innovations in governance reform in Asia. New York: United Nations University Press.
Christensen, L. T., & Cheney, G. (2015). Peering into transparency: Challenging ideals,
proxies, and organizational practices. Communication Theory, 25, 70-90.
doi:10.1111/comt.12052
Clark, C.E. (2000). Differences between public relations and corporate social responsibility: An analysis”. Public Relations Review, 26(13), 363–381.
Cucciniello, M., Belle, N., Nasi, G., &Valotti, G. (2015).Assessing public preferences and the level of transparency in government using an exploratory approach. Social Science Computer Review, 33(5), 571-586. doi:10.1177/08944393|4560849
da Cruz, N. F., Tavares, A. F., Marques, R. C., Jorge, S., & de Sousa, L. (2015). Measuring local government
Davis, J. (1998). Access to and transmission of information: Position of the media. In V.
Deckmyn, & I. Thomson, Openness and transparency in the European union (pp. 121-
. Maastricht, The Netherlands: European Institute of Public Administration.
de Fine Licht, J. (2011). Do we really want to know? The potentially negative effect of
transparency in decision making on perceived legitimacy. Scandinavian Political Studies,34(3)
de Fine Licht, J. (2014a). Policy area as a potential moderator of transparency effects: An experiment. Public Administration Review, 74(3), 361-371. doi:10.1111/puar.12194
Den Boer, M. (1998). Steamy windows: Transparency and openness in justice and home affairs.
Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (2011).The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Diez, B. &Sotorrio, L. (2016).The mediating effect of transparency in the relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate reputation. Review of Business
Management.DOI: 10.7819/rbgn.v20i1.3600.
Elkington, J. (1998). Partnerships from cannibals with forks: The triple bottom line of 21st-century business. Environmental Quality Management, 8 (1), 37–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.3310080106
Etzioni, A. (2014). The limits of transparency. Public Administration Review, 74(6), 687-688.
doi:10.1111/paur.12276
Executive Order No. 2, s. (2016). Operationalizing in the Executive Branch the People’s Constitutional Right to Information and the State Policies to Full Public Disclosure and Transparency in the Public Service and Providing Guidelines Therefor.
Ferguson, M. A. (1984). Building theory in public relations: Interorganizational
relationships. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Association for Education
in Journalism and Mass Communication, Gainesville, FL.
Fernanadez B. (2024). At Senate probe, PCSO says draws are not being gamed. BusinessMirror. At Senate probe, PCSO says draws are not being gamed | Butch Fernandez (businessmirror.com.ph)
Fishbein, M., &Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and
behavior: an introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley.
Fitzpatrick, K., & Gauthier, C. (2001).Toward a professional responsibility theory of public
relations ethics. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 16, 193–212.
Fleming, J. &Zegwaard, K. (2018).Methodologies, methods and ethical considerations for
conducting research in work-integrated learning. International Journal of Work-Integrated Learning, Special Issue, 2018, 19(3), 205-213.
Fredotovic, I. (2018). Testing a model of organizational transparency in higher education through faculty perceptions (Order No. 10811369).Available from ProQuest Central. (2056456001). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/testing-model-organizational-transparency-higher/docview/2056456001/se-2?accountid=31259
Freeman, R. E., Dmytriyev, S. (2017). Corporate Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory: Learning from each other. SYMPHONYA Emerging Issues in Management, 1.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4468/2017.1.02freeman.dmytriyev
French, P. E. (2011). Enhancing the legitimacy of local government pandemic influenza planning through transparency and public engagement. Public Administration Review,
March/April, 253-264.
Friedman, M. (1962).The Capitalism and Freedom. University of Chicago Press.
Gaved, M. (1998). Closing the Communications Gap: Disclosure and Institutional Shareholders Corporate Governance: An International Review, Vol. 6, Issue 2.
GMA News (2020).Privatize PAGCOR, PCSO to raise funds for COVID-19 effort –Drilon. From https:// /www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/733647/pagcor-pcso-privatization-would-raise-funds-for-covid-19-effort-drilon/story.
Gonzalez, A. (2016). Corporate credibility in the pharmaceutical industry: The effects of corporate social responsibility (Order No. 10155670). Available from ProQuest Central. (1832951786). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/corporate-credibility-pharmaceutical-industry/docview/1832951786/se-2?accountid=31259
Gordon, I.H. (1998). Relationship Marketing. John Wiley and Sons, Canada, LTD.
Grimmelikhuijsen, S. (2012). Linking transparency, knowledge and citizen trust in government: An experiment. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 78(1), 50–73.
Grimmelikhuijsen, S. G., & Meijer, A. J. (2012). Effects of transparency on the perceived
trustworthiness of a government organization: Evidence from an online
experiment. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 24, 137-157.
doi:10.1093/jopart/mus048
Grimmelikhuijsen, S., & Welch, E. W. (2012). Developing and testing a theoretical framework
for computer-mediated transparency in local governments. Public Administration Review,
(4), 562-571. doi:10.111/j.1540-6210.2012.02532.x
Grimmelikhuijsen, S., Proumbescu, G., Hong, B., &Im, T. (2013). The effect of transparency on
trust in government: A cross-national comparative experiment. Public Administration
Review, 73(4), 575-586.
Halfpenny, S.Digital society and the information age. Retrieved 7/11/2020 fromhttps://www.futurelearn.com/courses/digital-society/0/steps/23808 .
Hall, M.R. (2006). Corporate philanthropy and corporate community relations:
Measuring relationship-building results. Journal of Public Relations Research, 18(1), 1-
Hansen, H. K., Christensen, L. T., & Flyverbom, M. (2015). Introduction: Logics of
transparency in late modernity: Paradoxes, mediation and governance. European
Journal of Social Theory, 18, 117-131. doi:10.1177/1368431014555254
Hardin, R. (2004), Trust and Trustworthiness, Russel Sage Foundation, New York.
Heald, D. (2006b). Varieties of transparency. In C. Hood, & D. Heald, Transparency: The key to better governance? (pp. 25-43). New York: Oxford University Press.
Holzner, B., & Holzner, L. (2006).Transparency in global change: The vanguard of the open
society. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. Hosseini, Z., Jayashree, S., & Malarvizhi, C. (2014). Store Image and Its Effect on Customer Perception of Retail Stores. Asian Social Science.
Hon, L.C., & Grunig, J.E. (1999). Guidelines for measuring relationships in public
relations. A report for the Commission on Public Relations Measurement and Evaluation, the Institute for Public Relations, Gainesville, Florida.
Hood, C. (2006a). Transparency in historical perspective. In C. Hood, & D. Heald,
Transparency: The key to better governance? (pp. 3-23). New York: Oxford University
Press.
Huang, Y. (2001). OPRA: A cross-cultural, multiple-item scale for measuring
organization-public relationships. Journal of Public Relations Research, 13, 61-91.
Huang, Y.-H. (2001). Values of public relations: Effects on organization-public
relationships mediating conflict resolution. Journal of Public Relations Research, 13(4),265-301.
IATF Omnibus Rules.Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases.Retrieved 7/12/2020 from https://www.doh.gov.ph .
Ida Bagus, A. P., Solimun, S., Adji Achmad, R. F., &Rahayu, S. M. (2019). Corporate governance, corporate profitability toward corporate social responsibility disclosure and corporate value (comparative study in Indonesia, China and India stock exchange in 2013-2016).
Inquirer (2016). Duterte: Corruption in PCSO under Aquino term cost gov’t P7B a year. Retrieved July 30, 2020 from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/816065/duterte-corruption-in-pcso-under-aquino-term-cost-govt-p7b-a-year
Inquirer (2016).Arroyo faces new PCSO plunder complaint, lawyer says. Retrieved July 30, 2020 from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/792028/arroyo-faces-new-pcso-plunder-complaint-lawyer-says
Jali, M. N., Abas, Z., & Ariffin, A. S. (2017). Corporate social responsibility and corporate social innovation: A conceptual understanding. Les Ulis: EDP Sciences. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20173401001
Jedrzejka, D. (2017). Towards Greater Transparency - Development of Corporate Disclosures: Evidence From Polish Stock Market. Varazdin: Varazdin Development and Entrepreneurship Agency (VADEA). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/conference-papers-proceedings/towards-greater-transparency-development/docview/2070395713/se-2?accountid=31259
Jin, L., Myers, S. C. (2006). R2 around the world: New theory and new tests, Journal of Financial Economics, 79(2), pp. 257-292
Jones, B., Bowd, R., & Tench, R.(2009). Corporate irresponsibility and corporate social responsibility: competing realities. Social Responsibility Journal,5(3), 300-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/1747111091097724
Kang, J., & Hustvedt, G. (2014). Building trust between consumers and corporations: The role of consumer perceptions of transparency and social responsibility: JBE. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(2), 253-265. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1916-7
Kasperson, R.E. (1986). Six propositions on public participation and their relevance for risk communication. Risk Analysis, 6, 275-281.
Kenny, D. (2018). Mediation. Downloaded 10/20/2020 from http://davidakenny.net/cm/mediate.html
Ki., E.-J., & Hon, L.C. (2007). Testing the linkages among the organization-public relationship and attitude and behavioral intentions.Journal of Public Relations Research, 19(1), 1-23.
Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2012). E-participation, transparency, and trust in local government. Public
Administration Review, 72(6), 819-828. doi:10.111/j.1540-6210.2012.02593
Kim, S., Kim, J., & Tam, L. (2016). Think socially but act publicly: Refocusing CSR as corporate public responsibility. Journal of Public Affairs, 16(1), 91.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pa.1560
Koehn, D. (1996). Should we trust in trust? American Business Law Journal, 34, 183–203.
Koivisto, I. (2016). The anatomy of transparency: the concept and its multifarious implications, EUI MWP, 2016/09Retrieved from Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository, at: http://hdl.handle.net/1814/41166.
Kral, P., &Cuskelly, G. (2017). A model of transparency: Determinants and implications
of transparency for national sport organizations. European Sport Management
Quarterly, 18, 237-262. doi:10.1080/16184742.2017.1376340
Lathrop, D., &Ruma, L. (2010).Open government: Collaboration, transparency, and
participation in practice. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media, Inc.
Leadbetter, C. (1999). New measures for the new economy, OECD, Retrieved from www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/24/1947910.pdf.
Ledingham, J. A., &Bruning, S. D. (2000a). A longitudinal study of organization-public
relationship dimensions: Defining the role of communication in the practice of relationship management.
Li, S. (2011). Testing Mediation Using Multiple Regression and Structural Equation Modeling Analyses in Secondary Data.Sagepub.com/journals. DOI: 10.1177/0193841X11412069. http://erx.sagepub.com
Mabillard, V., &Pasquier, M. (2016). Transparency and trust in government (2007-2014): A comparative study. Network of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration in Central and Eastern Europe.theNISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy, 9(2), 69-92. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nispa-2016-0015.
Macys, (2012). Macy’s fashions support breast cancer awareness.
McCormack, A., (2007).What is the digital age.Retrieved 7/11/2020 from https://www.ademccormack.com/digital-strategy/society/what-is-the-digital-age/.
McDonald, A. (2006). What hope for freedom of information in the UK? In C. Hood, & D.
McIntosh, T. (2014). “Paraguay is 100th Nation to Pass FOI Law, but Struggle for
Openness Goes on.” The Guardian, 19 September 2014.
Meijer, A., D. Curtin and M. Hillebrandt. 2012. “Open Government: Connecting Vision and Voice.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 78(1), 10 – 29.
McNeil, P. & Chapman, S. (2005). Research methods (3rd ed). NewYork: Routledge
McWilliams, A., Siegel, D. & Wright, P. (2006). Corporate Social Responsibility: Strategic Implications. Journal of Management Studies 43:1 January 2006, 0022-2380. Retrieved September, 2020 from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00580.x
Meijer, A., D. Curtin and M. Hillebrandt. 2012. “Open Government: Connecting Vision and Voice.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 78(1), 10 – 29.
Meyer, P. D. (2003). The truth about transparency. Executive Update. Retrieved
February 12, 2004 from http://www.asaecenter.org/PublicationsResources/EUArticle.
Morck, R., Yeung, B., Yu, W. (2000). The information content of stock markets: Why do emerging markets have synchronous stock price movements?, Journal of Financial Economics, 58(1-2), pp. 215-260.
Murtin, F., Fleischer, L., Siegerink, V., Aassve, A., Algan, Y., Boarini, R., . . . Smith, C. (2018). Trust and its determinants: EVIDENCE FROM THE TRUSTLAB EXPERIMENT. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/869ef2ec-en
Newsom (2020).Psy 523/623 Structural Equation Modeling, Spring 2020. http://web.pdx.edu/~newsomj/semclass/ho_mediation.pdf
OECD (2017b), OECD Guidelines on Measuring Trust, OECD Publishing, Paris,
https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264278219-en.
Office of the President (2022), https://arta.gov.ph/about/the-eodb-law
Oyer, S. (2008). Effects of interactive online media type and crisis type on public trust during organizational crisis (Order No. 3347165). Available from ProQuest Central. (250815117). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/effects-interactive-online-media-type-crisis-on/docview/250815117/se-2?accountid=31259
Parsons, V.L. (2017). Stratified Sampling.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat05999.pub2
PCSO Website, (2020).From the https://www.pcso.gov.ph.
Pearson, R. (1989). Albert J. Sullivan’s theory of public relations ethics. Relations Review, 15(2),52–62.
Peters, A., Bianchi, A., (2013) : Towards Transparency as a Global Norm. In Anne Peters & Andrea Bianchi (eds): Transparency in International Law. Cambridge 2013, p. 534–607.
Philippine Daily Inquirer, (2019).Economic team pitches privatization of Pagcor, PCSO’s gaming functions.From the https://business.inquirer.net/280333/economic-team-pitches-privatization-of-pagcor-pcsos-gaming-functions/October 4, 2019.
Philippine Statistics Authority (2020).Retrieved December 28, 2020 fromhttp://rsso11.psa.gov.ph/article/population-davao-city-based-results-2015-census-population#
Popovski, V. (2010). Conclusion: Trust is a must in government. In G. S. Cheema& P. Vesselin (Eds.),Building trust in government: Innovations in governance reform in Asia. New York: United NationsUniversity Press.
Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy & society: The link betweencompetitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard BusinessReview, 84(12), 78-92.
Porumbescu, G. A. (2015). Linking transparency to trust in government and voice. American Review of Public Administration, 47(5), 520–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074015607301.
Quaranta, J.E. (2017). Descriptive Correlational Research: Asthma Management by School Nurses. DOI: 10.4135/9781526407696
QuestPro (2023). Descriptive Correlational: Descriptive vs correlational research.https://www.questionpro.com/blog/descriptive-research-vs-correlational-research/
Rahmani, M., & Eghbali, A. (2018).Examining the moderating role of corporate social responsibility in the relationship between socially responsible consumption and quality of work life (QWL) of the staff in social security organization. Marketing and Branding Research, 5(1), 64-77. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.19237/MBR.2018.01.07
Rawlins, B. (2008). Measuring the relationship between organizational transparency and employee trust. The Public relations journal, Vol. 2, No.2.2008. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239919667Measuring_the_relationship_between_organizational_transparency_and_employee_trust
Rawlins, B. (2009). Give the emperor a mirror: Toward developing a stakeholder measurement of organizational transparency. Journal of Public Relations Research, 21(1), 71. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/give-emperor-mirror-toward-developing-stakeholder/docview/196900809/se-2?accountid=31259
Republic Act No. 10149 (2011).The GOCC Governance Act of 2011.
Republic Act No. 10173, also known as the Data Privacy Act (DPA) of 2012. https://www.privacy.gov.ph/data-privacy-act/
Republic Act No. 1169 (1954).An Act Providing for Charity Sweepstakes, Horse Races, and Lotteries (As amended by Batas PambansaBlng. 42 and Presidential Decree No. 1157) or The Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office Charter.
Republic Act11223 (2019). The Universal Health Care Act.
Saeidi, S. P., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, S. P., Saeaeidi, S. A. (2015), “How does corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance?The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 68 No. 2, pp. 341–350.
SAGE Publications, Inc (2019). Ethical Considerations.https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/95945_Chapter_5_Ethical_considerations.pdf
Salminen, A., &Ikola-Norrbacka, R. (2010).Trust, good governance and unethical actions in Finnish publicadministration. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 23(7), 647–668.
Schnackenberg, A. K., & Tomlinson, E. C. (2016). Organizational transparency: A newperspective on managing trust in organization-stakeholder relationships.Journal
of Management, 42, 1784-1810. doi:0.1177/0149206314525202
Seavers, M. L. (2018). Citizen's perception and use of governmental transparency: Effects on citizen trust and participation in government (Order No. 10903749). Available from ProQuest Central. (2082418386). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/citizens-perception-use-governmental-transparency/docview/2082418386/se-2?accountid=31259
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422-445.
Silveira, L. (2016). Partnering Against Corruption Initiative, Word Economic Forum.Retrieved July 30, 2020 from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/04/4-technologies-helping-us-to-fight-corruption/
Stanaland, A., Lwin, M., & Murphy, P. (2011).Consumer perceptions of the antecedentsand consequences of corporate social responsibility.Journal of BusinessEthics, 102(1), 47-55. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0904-z
Stasavage, D. (2003). “Transparency, Democratic Accountability, and the EconomicConsequences of Monetary Institutions.”American Journal of Political Science 47(3), 389 – 402.
Steigrad, A. (2010). CSR enters the spotlight. Women’s wear daily.
Retrieved from http://www.wwd.com.
Sullivan, A. (1965). “Values in Public Relations.” In O. Lerbinger and A. Sullivan
(eds). Information, Influence, and Communication: A Reader in Public Relations. New York: Basic Books, 412 – 439
Sulphey, M. M. (2017). Corporate social responsibility or corporate social irresponsibility: Where should be the focus? Problems and Perspectives in Management, 15(4), 293-301. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.15(4-1).2017.13
Szwajkowski, E. (2000). Simplifying the principles of stakeholder management: The three most important principles. Business & Society, 39, 379–396.
Tapscott, D., &Ticoll, D. (2003). The naked corporation: How the age of transparency will
revolutionize business. New York: Free Press.
The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines 1987.From the https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution.
Thomas, D. (nd). https://blog.ventivtech.com/blog/what-is-the-digital-age 7/11/202
Tu, J. I. (2012). Microsoft launches charity for young people. The
christian science monitor. Retrieved from http://www.csmonitor.
com.
Uslaner, E. M. (2002). The moral foundations of trust. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Van der Meer, T. (2010).In what we trust?A multi-level study into trust in parliament asanevaluation of state characteristics. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 76(3), 517–536. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852310372450.
Various Social Media Posts/Articles by CNN, ABS-CBN, Rappler, GMA Network, etc.dated July 26-27,2019 re Duterte on PCSO.
Veal, Don-Terry; William I. Sauser, Jr. and Maria T. Folmar (2011) Promoting transparency in localgovernments. In Cal, Clark and Don-Terry, Veal (eds), Advancing excellence and public trust ingovernment, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc.: New York.
Waddock, S., &Bodwell, C. (2007). Total responsibility management: the manual. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing.
Wall, S. (1996). Public justification and the transparency argument. The Philosophical Quarterly, 46, 501–507.
Watson, M.L. (2005). Can there be just one trust? A cross-disciplinary identification of trust definitions and measurement. Submitted to the Institute for Public Relations for the2004 Ketchum Excellence in Public Relations Research Award.
Wehmeier, S., &Raaz, O. (2012). Transparency matters: The concept of organizational transparency in the academic discourse. Public Relations Inquiry, 1, 337-366.
Welch, E. W., Hinnant, C. C., & Moon, M. J. (2004). Linking citizen satisfaction with E-government and trust in government. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(3), 371–391.
Whittaker, F. (2018). What is Wikileaks? Everything you need to know. From https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/smart-facts/what-wikileaks-everything-you-need-know-n869556.
Will, M. G., &Hielscher, S. (2014). How do companies invest in corporate social
responsibility? An ordonomic contribution for empirical csr
World Health Organization (2020).WHO Official Updates. Retrieved 7/11/2020 from https://www.who.int/covid-19/information.
Yang, K. (2006). Trust and citizen involvement decisions: Trust in citizens, trust in institutions, and propensity to trust. Administration and Society, 38(5), 573–595.
Yang, S.-U. (2007). An integrated model for organization-public relational outcomes, organizational reputation, and their antecedents. Journal of Public Relations Research,19(2), 91-121
Yousaf, M., Ihsan, F., &Ellahi, A. (2016).Exploring the impact of good governance on citizens' trust inPakistan. Government Information Quarterly, 33(1), 200–209.
Zhao, J. (2017). Promoting more socially responsible corporations through a corporate law regulatory framework. Legal Studies, 37(1), 103-136. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lest.12140
Zhongbo, Y., Liuchuang, L., Gaoliang, T., Zhang, H. (2013). Aggressive reporting, investor protection and stock price informativeness: Evidence from Chinese firms. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Retrieved 10.11.2017 from http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j .intaccaudtax.2013.07.004.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Ellyn A. Ostan, Dr. Alger P. Dura
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
