Emotional Intelligence, Teamwork and Knowledge Management: A Causal Model on Public Service Motivation among Healthcare Workers in Region XI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47672/ajppa.1742Keywords:
Public Administration, Emotional Intelligence, Teamwork, Knowledge Management, Public Service Motivation, Healthcare Workers, Structural Equation Model, PhilippinesAbstract
Purpose: Public service motivation, a pivotal factor in driving healthcare professionals to contribute to societal welfare, faces significant threats (Perry & Vandenabeele, 2015; Perry & Ritz, 2022). Globally, healthcare workers grapple with issues like staff shortages, excessive work hours, and escalating stress levels, culminating in burnout and a potential decline in service quality (Buchan, 2020; Agence France-Presse, 2021; Mendoza, 2021; Irandoost et al., 2022; Vejdani, 2021). It is for this reason that this study is conducted to establish a structural equation model of public service motivation by developing a theoretical framework explaining the relationships between various factors contributing to public service motivation, such as emotional intelligence, teamwork, and knowledge management.
Materials and Methods: Four hundred forty three healthcare workers were selected through proportional stratified sampling. A validated and approved adapted survey questionnaire was disseminated through google form. This study was a quantitative, descriptive research project using structural equation modeling approach. Understandably, the data analysis used mean and standard deviation, Pearson r, multiple regression analysis, and structural equation modeling techniques to test the proposed theoretical framework and identify the relationships between the different constructs. IBM SPSS was utilized to analyze the data.
Findings: The healthcare workers have a high level of emotional intelligence, teamwork, knowledge management, and public service motivation. There is a significant correlation between the exogenous and endogenous latent variables. In the context of this study on Public Service Motivation, Model 5 has been designated as the best-fit model based on rigorous statistical validation and theoretical consistency. Under emotional intelligence, Appraisal and Expression in the Self and Regulation of Emotion remained. In Teamwork, Mutual Support and Team Structure remained. In Knowledge Management, Training and Mentoring, Knowledge Capture, Incentives, Leadership, and Policies remained, and under Public Service Motivation, Self-sacrifice, and Commitment to Public Interest remained in the model. Therefore, the findings of the study would be not only for the government health care workers but for the private as well.
Recommendations: Healthcare workers must be provided with training programs focused on improving emotional intelligence which can equip them with the skills to understand better and manage their emotions, improving job satisfaction and motivation; regular team-building activities to enhance collaboration, improve communication, and foster a supportive work environment; and create a knowledge-sharing system, promoting continuous learning, and providing regular training updates. In addition, they must be a system to Recognize and reward healthcare professionals for their efforts and promoting a healthy work-life balance, providing mental health resources, and ensuring manageable workloads to help maintain their high motivation levels. In Portugal, it is valuable for healthcare workers to attend to training programs to capacitate them as professionals (Amaral et al., 2022). Finally, policy makers must revisit existing systems and practices on public service motivation to be able to assess what needs to be developed for policy improvement.
Downloads
References
Abbate, S., Centobelli, P., Cerchione, R., Oropallo, E., & Riccio, E. (2022). Investigating healthcare 4.0 transition through a knowledge management perspective. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 70(9), 3297–3310. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2022.3200889
Agence France. Presse 2021. Burned out Philippine nurses battle Covid-19, resignations. https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/09/21/opinion/burned-out-philippine-nurses-battle-covid-19-resignations/1815452
Akinade, M. E., & Obiekwe, O. Impact of team building on organizational performance: A theoretical review.
Akoglu, H. (2018). User’s guide to correlation coefficients. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18(3), 91–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjem.2018.08.001
Alavi, M., & Leidner, D. E. (2001). Review: Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: Conceptual foundations and research issues. MIS Quarterly, 25(1), 107–136. https://doi.org/10.2307/3250961
Algahtani, K. (2019). Knowledge management in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia public sector organisations.
Alibudbud, R. (2022). When the “heroes” “don’t feel cared for”: The migration and resignation of Philippine nurses amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Global Health, 2, 03011. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.03011
Almanasreh, E., Moles, R., & Chen, T. F. (2019). Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 15(2), 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.03.066
Amaral, C., Sequeira, C., Albacar-Riobóo, N., Coelho, J., Pinho, L. G., & Ferré-Grau, C. (2023). Patient safety training programs for health care professionals: A scoping review. Journal of Patient Safety, 19(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0000000000001067
Antunes, H. D. J. G., & Pinheiro, P. G. (2020). Linking knowledge management, organizational learning, and memory. Journal of Innovation and Knowledge, 5(2), 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2019.04.002
Babaei, S., & Taleghani, F. (2019). Compassionate care challenges and barriers in clinical nurses: A qualitative study. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 24(3), 213–219. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_100_18
Barrantes Briceño, C. E., & Almada Santos, F. C. (2019). Knowledge management, the missing piece in the 2030 agenda and SDGs puzzle. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 20(5), 901–916. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-01-2019-0019
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (Eds.). (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. SAGE.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership.
Battles, J., & King, H. B. (2010). Team STEPPS teamwork perceptions questionnaire manual. American Institute for Research.
Bauchner, H., & Easley, T. J. (2020). Healthcare heroes of the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA, 323(20), 2021–2021. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6197
Belrhiti, Z., Van Damme, W., Belalia, A., & Marchal, B. (2019). Does public service motivation matter in Moroccan public hospitals? A multiple embedded case study. International Journal for Equity in Health, 18(1), 160. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-1053-8
Blau, P. M. (1964). 1964 exchange and power in social life. Wiley.
Boparai, J. K., Singh, S., & Kathuria, P. (2018). How to design and validate a questionnaire: A guide. Current Clinical Pharmacology, 13(4), 210–215. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574884713666180807151328
Brown, L., Haines, S., Amonoo, H. L., Jones, C., Woods, J., Huffman, J. C., & Morris, M. E. (2021, December). Sources of Resilience in frontline health professionals during COVID-19. In Healthcare (Vol. 9, No. 12, p. 1699). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9121699
Buchan, J., & Catton, H. (2020). COVID-19 and the international supply of nurses.
Budiyanti, H., Patiro, A., & Yamin, A. (2019). Public service motivation measurement: A test of Perry’s scale in Indonesia. JKAP, 23(1), 16–32. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkap.39653
Bulmer Smith, K. B., Profetto-McGrath, J., & Cummings, G. G. (2009). Emotional intelligence and nursing: An integrative literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(12), 1624–1636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.05.024
Caballero-Anthony, M., Cook, A. D. B., & Chen, C. (2021). Knowledge management and humanitarian organisations in the Asia-Pacific: Practices, challenges, and future pathways. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 53, 102007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.102007
Chavez, J. C., Bandiola, A. N., Chavez, D. C. B., & Ligan, V. O. (2022). Political skills, resilience at work, and public service motivation: A structural equation model on job engagement of police personnel in region XI. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 7(10), 951, 986.
Chen, C. A., & Hsieh, C. W. (2015). Knowledge sharing motivation in the public sector: The role of public service motivation. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 81(4), 812–832. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852314558032
Chugh, R., & Joshi, M. (2020). Challenges of knowledge management amidst rapidly evolving tools of social media. In Information diffusion management and knowledge sharing: Breakthroughs in Research and practice (pp. 299–314). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0495-5.ch014
Civelek, M. E. (2018). Essentials of structural equation modeling. Zea Books. https://doi.org/10.13014/K2SJ1HR5
Clarke, S., Ells, C., Thombs, B. D., & Clarke, D. (2017). Defining elements of patient-centered care for therapeutic relationships: A literature review of common themes. European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v5i3.1337
Codier, E., Kamikawa, C., Kooker, B. M., & Shoultz, J. (2009). Emotional intelligence, performance, and retention in clinical staff nurses. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 33(4), 310–316. https://doi.org/10.1097/NAQ.0b013e3181b9dd5d
Cordero, Jr., D. A. (2022). The saga of Filipino healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 34(8), 889. https://doi.org/10.1177/10105395221128644
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macro theory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Springer Science+Business Media.
Deng, J., Guo, Y., Ma, T., Yang, T., & Tian, X. (2019). How job stress influences job performance among Chinese healthcare workers: A cross-sectional study. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 24(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-018-0758-4
Deng, J., Liu, J., Guo, Y., Gao, Y., Wu, Z., & Yang, T. (2021). How does social support affect public service motivation of healthcare workers in China: The mediating effect of job stress. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1076. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11028-9
Di Fabio, A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2021). The relationship of compassion and self-compassion with personality and emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 169, 110109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110109
Di Fabio, A., Smith, M. M., & Saklofske, D. H. (2019). Perfectionism and a healthy attitude toward oneself: Could humor be a resource? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010201
Donovan, A. L., Aldrich, J. M., Gross, A. K., Barchas, D. M., Thornton, K. C., Schell-Chaple, H. M., Gropper, M. A., Lipshutz, A. K. M., & University of California, San Francisco Critical Care Innovations Group. (2018). Interprofessional care and teamwork in the ICU. Critical Care Medicine, 46(6), 980–990. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003067
Doyle, L., McCabe, C., Keogh, B., Brady, A., & McCann, M. (2020). An overview of the qualitative descriptive design within nursing research. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(5), 443–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987119880234
Driskell, J. E., Salas, E., & Driskell, T. (2018). Foundations of teamwork and collaboration. American Psychologist, 73(4), 334–348. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000241
Druskat, V. U., & Wolff, S. B. (2001). Building the emotional intelligence of groups. Harvard Business Review, 79(3), 80–91.
Fernandes, A., Santinha, G., & Forte, T. (2022). Public service motivation and determining factors to attract and retain health professionals in the public sector: A systematic review. Behavioral Sciences, 12(4), 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12040095
Flores, H. (2021). Prince Charles pays tribute to Filipino health workers. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/06/12/2104814/prince-charles-pays-tribute-filipino-health-workers
Fox, L., Onders, R., Hermansen-Kobulnicky, C. J., Nguyen, T. N., Myran, L., Linn, B., & Hornecker, J. (2018). Teaching interprofessional teamwork skills to health professional students: A scoping review. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 32(2), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2017.1399868
Fraser, J., Fahlman, D. W., Arscott, J., & Guillot, I. (2018). Pilot testing for feasibility in a study of student retention and attrition in online undergraduate programs. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v19i1.3326
Gayathri, N., & Meenakshi, K. (2013). A literature review of emotional intelligence. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 2(3), 42–51.
Goleman, D. (1996). Emotional intelligence. Why it can matter more than IQ. Learning, 24(6), 49–50.
Hassan, Z. (2022). Employee retention through effective human resource management practices in Maldives: Mediation effects of compensation and rewards system. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 18(2), 137–173. https://doi.org/10.7341/20221825
Hermans, T. (2019). Translation in systems: Descriptive and systemic approaches explained. Routledge.
Hislop, D., Bosua, R., & Helms, R. (2018). Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press.
Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597–606. https://doi.org/10.1086/222355
Hoyle, R. H. (Ed.). (2012). Handbook of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
IntraHealth Librarian 2014, Why is Motivation Important in Health Care?, Hrhresourcecenter.org.
Irandoost, S. F., Yoosefi Lebni, J., Safari, H., Khorami, F., Ahmadi, S., Soofizad, G., & Ebadi Fard Azar, F. (2022). Explaining the challenges and adaptation strategies of nurses in caring for patients with COVID-19: A qualitative study in Iran. BMC Nursing, 21(1), 1–16.
Jensen, U. T., & Bro, L. L. (2018). How transformational leadership supports intrinsic and public service motivation: The mediating role of basic need satisfaction. American Review of Public Administration, 48(6), 535–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074017699470
Karaferis, D., Aletras, V., Raikou, M., & Niakas, D. (2022). Factors influencing motivation and work engagement of healthcare professionals. Materia Socio-Medica, 34(3), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2022.34.216-224
Karamat, J., Shurong, T., Ahmad, N., Waheed, A., & Mahmood, K. (2018). Enablers supporting the implementation of knowledge management in the healthcare of Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122816
Kim, S. (2021). Education and public service motivation: A longitudinal study of high school graduates. Public Administration Review, 81(2), 260–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13262
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage Publications.
Levitats, Z., & Vigoda‐Gadot, E. (2017). Yours Emotionally: How emotional intelligence infuses public service motivation and affects the job outcomes of public personnel. Public Administration, 95(3), 759–775. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12342
Lin, H. F. (2007). Effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on employee knowledge sharing intentions. Journal of Information Science, 33(2), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551506068174
Luu, T. T., Rowley, C., Dinh, C. K., Qian, D., & Le, H. Q. (2019). Team creativity in public healthcare organizations: The roles of charismatic leadership, team job crafting, and collective public service motivation. Public Performance and Management Review, 42(6), 1448–1480. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2019.1595067
Lydersen, S. (2020). Mean and standard deviation or median and quartiles?. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, Ny Raekke, 140(9). https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.20.0032 Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84
Martins, V. W. B., Rampasso, I. S., Anholon, R., Quelhas, O. L. G., & Leal Filho, W. (2019). Knowledge management in sustainability: Literature review and opportunities for future research. Journal of Cleaner Production, 229, 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.354
McDaniel, S. H., & Salas, E. (2018). The science of teamwork: Introduction to the special issue. American Psychologist, 73(4), 305–307. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000337
McGrath, S., Zhao, X., Steele, R., Thombs, B. D., Benedetti, A., & DEPRESsion Screening Data (DEPRESSD) Collaboration. (2020). Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from commonly reported quantiles in meta-analysis. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 29(9), 2520–2537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280219889080
Mendoza, R. (2021). Nurses are leaving in droves. https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/10/20/news/national/nurses-leaving-in-droves-pha/1819057. Pulmonary Hypertension Association.
Miao, Q., Newman, A., Schwarz, G., & Cooper, B. (2018). How leadership and public service motivation enhance innovative behavior. Public Administration Review, 78(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12839
Morrissey, M. B., & Ruxton, G. D. (2018). Multiple regression is not multiple regressions: The meaning of multiple regression and the non-problem of collinearity. Philosophy, Theory, and Practice in Biology, 10(20220112). https://doi.org/10.3998/ptpbio.16039257.0010.003
Mueller, R. O., & Hancock, G. R. (2019). Structural equation modeling. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Musonda, A., Shumba, O., & Tailoka, F. P. (2020). Validation of the Schutte self report emotional intelligence scale in a Zambian context. Validation of the Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Scale in a Zambian Context, 2, 2, 31–41.
Obilor, E. I., & Amadi, E. C. (2018). Test for significance of Pearson’s correlation coefficient. International Journal of Innovative Mathematics, Statistics & Energy Policies, 6(1), 11–23.
Ode, E., & Ayavoo, R. (2020). The mediating role of knowledge application in the relationship between Knowledge management and firm innovation. Journal of Innovation and Knowledge, 5(3), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2019.08.002
Paiva, J. C., Leal, J. P., & Figueira, Á. (2022). Automated assessment in computer science education: A state-of-the-art review. ACM Transactions on Computing Education, 22(3), 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1145/3513140
Park, S., & Kim, E. J. (2018). Fostering organizational learning through leadership and knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 22(6), 1408–1423. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-10-2017-0467
Pereira de Souza, V., Baroni, R., Choo, C. W., Castro, J. M. D., & Barbosa, R. R. (2021). Knowledge management in health care: An integrative and result-driven clinical staff management model. Journal of Knowledge Management, 25(5), 1241–1262. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-05-2020-0392
Perry, J. L., & Ritz, A. (2022). Public service motivation. In Elgar encyclopedia of public management (pp. 172–175). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Perry, J. L., & Vandenabeele, W. (2015). Public service motivation research: Achievements, challenges, and future directions. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 692–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12430
Perry, J. L., & Wise, L. R. (1990). The motivational bases of public service. Public Administration Review, 50(3), 367–373. https://doi.org/10.2307/976618
Rahman, M. M., Tabash, M. I., Salamzadeh, A., Abduli, S., & Rahaman, M. S. (2022). Sampling techniques (probability) for quantitative social science researchers: A conceptual guidelines with examples. Southeastern Europe [Review], 17(1), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.2478/seeur-2022-0023.CenterRitz, Vandenabeele, A., W., & Vogel, D. (2021). Public service motivation and individual job performance. Managing for public service performance: How people and values make a difference, pp. 254–277.
Rosen, M. A., DiazGranados, D., Dietz, A. S., Benishek, L. E., Thompson, D., Pronovost, P. J., & Weaver, S. J. (2018). Teamwork in healthcare: Key discoveries enabling safer, high-quality care. American Psychologist, 73(4), 433–450. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000298
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Publications.
Salas, E., Reyes, D. L., & McDaniel, S. H. (2018). The science of teamwork: Progress, reflections, and the road ahead. American Psychologist, 73(4), 593–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000334
Salas, E., Sims, D. E., & Burke, C. S. (2005). Is there a “big five” in teamwork? Small Group Research, 36(5), 555–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496405277134
Salvacion, A. R. (2022). Measuring spatial accessibility of healthcare facilities in Marinduque, Philippines. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 11(10), 516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11100516
Schmutz, J. B., Meier, L. L., & Manser, T. (2019). How effective is teamwork really? The relationship between teamwork and performance in healthcare teams: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 9(9), e028280. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028280
Schniederjans, D. G., Curado, C., & Khalajhedayati, M. (2020). Supply chain digitisation trends: An integration of knowledge management. International Journal of Production Economics, 220, 107439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.07.012
Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 126(5), 1763–1768. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864
Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Thorsteinsson, E. B., Bhullar, N., & Rooke, S. E. (2007). A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between emotional intelligence and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(6), 921–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.003
Setia, M. S. (2016). Methodology series module 3: Cross-sectional studies. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 61(3), 261–264. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.182410
Sharp, G., Bourke, L., & Rickard, M. J. F. X. (2020). Review of emotional intelligence in health care: An introduction to emotional intelligence for surgeons. ANZ Journal of Surgery, 90(4), 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1111/ans.15671
Skorpen Tarberg, A., Landstad, B. J., Hole, T., Thronaes, M., & Kvangarsnes, M. (2020). Nurses’ experiences of compassionate care in the palliative pathway. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(23–24), 4818–4826. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15528
Spoorthy, M. S., Pratapa, S. K., & Mahant, S. (2020). Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic–A review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102119
Stefurak, T., Morgan, R., & Johnson, R. B. (2020). The relationship of public service motivation to job satisfaction and job performance of emergency medical services professionals. Public Personnel Management, 49(4), 590–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026020917695
Stockemer, D. (2019). Quantitative methods for the social sciences: A practical introduction with examples in SPSS and Stata. by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Suleman, Q., Syed, M. A., Mahmood, Z., & Hussain, I. (2020). Correlating emotional intelligence with job satisfaction: Evidence from a cross-sectional study among Secondary School Heads in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 240. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00240
Sułkowski, Ł., Przytuła, S., Borg, C., & Kulikowski, K. (2020). Performance appraisal in universities—Assessing the tension in public service motivation (PSM). Education Sciences, 10(7), 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10070174
Tiwari, S. P. (2022). Emerging technologies: Factors influencing knowledge sharing. World journal of educational research.
Van Loon, N., Kjeldsen, A. M., Andersen, L. B., Vandenabeele, W., & Leisink, P. (2018). Only when the societal impact potential is high? A panel study of the relationship between public service motivation and perceived performance. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 38(2), 139–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X16639111
Vázquez-Ingelmo, A., García-Holgado, A., García-Peñalvo, F. J., & Therón, R. (2019). Dashboard meta-model for knowledge management in technological ecosystem: A case study in healthcare. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Proceedings, 31(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019031044
Vejdani, M., Foji, S., Jamili, S., Salehabadi, R., Adel, A., Ebnehoseini, Z., Aval, S. B., Anjidani, A. A., & Ebrahimipour, H. (2021). Challenges faced by nurses while caring for COVID-19 patients: A qualitative study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 10, 423. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1550_20
Wang, X., & Cheng, Z. (2020). Cross-sectional studies: Strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations. Chest, 158(1S), S65–S71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012
Yusoff, M. S. B. (2019). ABC of content validation and content validity index calculation. Education in Medicine Journal, 11(2), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.21315/eimj2019.11.2.6
Zamanzadeh, V., Valizadeh, L., Rahmani, A., van der Cingel, M., & Ghafourifard, M. (2018). Factors facilitating nurses to deliver compassionate care: A qualitative study. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 32(1), 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12434
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Ricardo B. Audan, Dr. Alberto N. Bandiola
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
