Worlds Apart: Liberal Internationalism and the Trump "˜America First' Foreign Policy

Authors

  • Jamesleo Oche Cranfield University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47672/ajir.1732

Keywords:

America First', Trump Doctrine, Liberal Internationalism

Abstract

Purpose: Two key academic questions that underpin the Donald Trump "˜America First' foreign policy has to do with whether or not he developed a distinct foreign policy worthy of recognition in the International Relations discipline as a new foreign policy school of thought, and the exact kind of impact this kind of foreign policy have or could have on the liberal international system.

Materials and Methods: Academics and pundits who engage the subject either disagree that Trump developed a distinct foreign policy or agree that he did. But even scholars and pundits who agree that Trump developed a distinct foreign policy still disagree on the type. And while there is a seeming consensus about impact, there is disagreement on the type and scale of impact.

Findings: This article discusses the Trump "˜America First' foreign policy and argues that Trump developed a distinct foreign policy worthy of recognition in the International Relations discipline as a new foreign policy school of thought best described as the Trump Doctrine.

Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: It discusses the impact of this foreign policy on liberal internationalism, and argues that a US foreign policy that ends US stewardship of the international system tears the world apart. 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aaron, Ettinger (2020) "˜Principled Realism and Populist Sovereignty in Trump's Foreign Policy' Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol.33, Issue 3, pp.410-431

Abramowitz, Michael & Sarah Repucci (2018) The Freedom House Survey for 2017: Democracy Beleaguered' Journal of Democracy, vol.29, Issue 2

Applebaum, Anne (2016) "˜Is This the End of the West as We Know It?' The Washington Post, 4 March 2016

Bentley, Michelle, & Maxine David (2021) "˜Unpredictability as doctrine: Reconceptualising foreign policy strategy in the Trump era', Cambridge Review of International Affairs (Online), 1-24. <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10. 1080/09557571.2021.1877616>

Boys, James D (2021) "˜The unpredictability factor: Nixon, Trump and the application of the Madman Theory in US grand strategy', Cambridge Review of International Affairs (Online), 1-22. <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09557571.2020. 1847042? journalCode=ccam20>

Carothers, Thomas (2008) "˜Does Democracy Promotion Have a Future?'

Democracy and Development, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Edited by Bernad Berendsen (KIT Publishers, Amsterdam)

Dahl, R. (1998) "˜On Democracy' With an Introduction and Two Chapters by Ian Shapiro, Yale University Press

Elliot, Larry (2021) 'Trump saw the economy was his ticket to a second term - then Covid struck', The Guardian, 15 January. <https://www.theguardian.com/ business/2021/jan/15/trump-saw-the-economy-was-his-ticket-to-a-second-term- then-covid-struck>

Eroukhmanoff, C lara (2017) "˜A feminist reading of foreign policy under Trump: Mother of all bombs, wall, and the "Locker Room Banter"', Critical Studies on Security, 5:2, 177-81

Fuchs, Michael (2017) 'Donald Trump's doctrine of unpredictability has the world on edge', The Guardian, 13 February. <https://www.theguardian.com/ commentisfree/2017/feb/13/donald-trumps-doctrine-unpredictability-world-edge>

Gilderhus, Mark T (2006) "˜The Monroe Doctrine: Meanings and Implications',Presidential Studies Quarterly, 36:1, 5-16

Hassan, Oz, and Christopher Featherstone (2021) "˜Trump's low conceptual complexity leadership and the vanishing "unpredictability doctrine"', Cambridge Review of International Affairs (Online), 1-23. <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10. 1080/09557571.2020.1853054?journalCode=ccam20>

Huntington, P. (1991) "˜The Third Wave: Democratisation in the Late Twentieth Century' University of Oklahoma Press

John Ikenberry (2011) "˜Liberal Leviathan: the Origin Crisis, and Transformation of the America World Order' Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Kirkey, S. Lerner, Is Donald Trump "˜Principled Realism' a Real Doctrine?' National Post, September 25, 2018

Lerner, Adam B (2021) "˜Theorizing unpredictability in international politics: a new approach to Trump and the Trump Doctrine', Cambridge Review of International Affairs (Online), 1-23. <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09557571. 2020.1842329? journalCode=ccam20>

Linz, J. & Alfred (1996) "˜Toward Consolidated Democracies' Journal of Democracy, John Hopkins University Press, vol. 7, no 2, pp. 13-43

Michelle Bentley & Adam B. Lerner (2021) "˜Introduction: Trump and unpredictability in international relations', Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 34:3, 348-359, DOI: 10.1080/09557571. 2021. 1919862

Nedal, Dani & Daniel Nexon (2017) "˜Trump's "˜Madman Theory' isn't strategic unpredictability. It's just crazy', Foreign Policy, 18 April. <https://foreignpolicy.com/ 2017/04/18/trumps-madman-theory-isnt-strategic-unpredictability-its-just-crazy/>

Poppe, A. & Richter, S. (2008) "˜Democracy Promotion in Times of Uncertainty: Trends and Challenges' Peace Research Institute, Frankfurt 2015-2018

Rose, G. (2020) "˜Democracy Promotion and American Foreign Policy: A Review Essay' International Security, vol.25, no. 3, pp. 186-203

Saletan, William (2016) "˜Trump's moronic unpredictability doctrine'

<https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2016/05/trumps-moronic-unpredictabil- ity-doctrine.html>, accessed 29 April 2020

Sciutto, Jim (2020) The madman theory: Trump takes on the world (New York: Harper

Shirk S. (2018) "˜China in Xi's "New Era": The Return to Personalistic Rule' Journal of Democracy, Vol. 29, Issue 2, pg 22-36

Smith, T. (2017) "˜While Wilson Matters: The Origin of America Liberal Internationalism and Its Crisis Today'. Princeton University: Princeton Studies in International History and Politics, vol.152

Stephen, Walt (2016) "˜No, Real Donald Trump is Not a Realist'

Foreign Policy, 1 April 2016

Stuenkel, O. (2013) "˜Rising Powers and the Future of Democracy: The Case of Brazil and India' Third World Quarterly, vol. 34. No 2, pp. 339-355

Suri, J. (2017) "˜How Trump's Executive Orders Could Set America Back 70 Years'

Susan, B. Epstein, Nina M. & Francis T, (2007) "˜Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S Foreign Policy?' Congressional Research Service. Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress

Taesuh, Cha (2016) "˜The Return of Jacksonianism: The International Implications of the Trump Phenomenon' The Washington Quarterly, vol.39, no.4, p.13

Turner, Oliver, & Juliet Kaarbo (2021) "˜Predictably unpredictable: Trump's personality and approach towards China', Cambridge Review of International Affairs (Online), 1-20. <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09557571.2021.1879018>

Zakaria, Fareed (2017) "˜Trump Doctrine Displaces America as Global Leader' Newsmax, 1 June 2017

Downloads

Published

2024-01-06

How to Cite

Oche, J. . (2024). Worlds Apart: Liberal Internationalism and the Trump "˜America First’ Foreign Policy. American Journal of International Relations, 8(1), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.47672/ajir.1732