TY - JOUR AU - Zain, Muhammad AU - Qureshi, Asim AU - Khattak, Imran AU - Kamal, Huma AU - Zia, Omema AU - Rashid, Saifa PY - 2022/09/12 Y2 - 2026/04/18 TI - The Effect of Dental Flourosis on the Electric Pulp Tester Response and Probe Placement Site. JF - European Journal of Health Sciences JA - EJHS VL - 7 IS - 4 SE - Articles DO - 10.47672/ejhs.1188 UR - https://ajpojournals.org/journals/EJHS/article/view/1188 SP - 1- 8 AB - Introduction:  The probe placement site for an electric pulp tester. (EPT) will have a significant outcome for the threshold readings. These relationships in previous studies have been documented. As dental flourosis is an endemic in regions of Pakistan the aim of this study was to compare and determine the appropriate EPT probe placement sites on fluorotic and non flourotic teeth.Methodology: In this cross-sectional clinical study equal number of flourotic and non flourotic maxillary central incisors(40 volunteers)  were selected from a known region of Pakistan for endemic of flourosis to measure threshold levels on EPT on four different parts of each tooth. (Incisal edge, incisal third, middle third and cervical third). Before the readings were taken flourotic teeth were also categorized on the bases of severity (Deans Index).The purpose was to assess if severity of dental flourosis had an impact on the EPT readings.  Once the mean values were taken the Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc tests was used to assess the statistical significance (p<0.05) between the four site in both groups.Results:  Mean values from the EPT presented that the threshold values increased from incisal to cervical in gender and both age groups i.e. 20-29 and 30-40. It was also found that the threshold values increased from incisal edge to the cervical third in flourotic and non flourotic teeth. Statical significance was found between the reading of flourotic and non flourotic groups across the four probe site readings taken (p value= 0.00).  Like previous literature the insical edge was considered the most ideal site for EPT assessment on anterior incisors. As this is where the lowest threshold response was recorded in our study .Dental flourosis does have a significant effect on the EPT threshold values. This is most likely due to structural changes because of dental flourosis.Recommendations: From the study conducted it can be recommended that clinicians need to be aware of the fact that fluorotic teeth response will vary from natural teeth on the EPT. Also further research needs to be done to assess if other vitality test methods will also alter in their response due to dental defects like flourosis.  ER -

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        <full_title>American Journal of Livestock Policy</full_title>
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            <given_name>Ezna</given_name>
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          <jats:p>Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the role of animal health policies in controlling zoonotic diseases in Kenya.&#13;
Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.&#13;
Findings: The study indicated that animal health policies play a crucial role in controlling zoonotic diseases, which are illnesses that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Effective policies focus on prevention, surveillance, and response mechanisms to mitigate the spread of diseases like avian influenza, Ebola, and COVID-19. These policies often include regulations on livestock management, vaccination programs, and quarantine measures to reduce the risk of disease transmission. Furthermore, international collaboration and information sharing are essential components, as zoonotic diseases can cross borders quickly through trade and travel. Policies that promote research into zoonotic diseases and their epidemiology also contribute to early detection and effective management strategies. Overall, robust animal health policies not only safeguard animal welfare but also protect human populations from the health and economic impacts of zoonotic outbreaks.&#13;
Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: One health theory, diffusion of innovations theory and social-ecological systems theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the role of animal health policies in controlling zoonotic diseases in Kenya. In practical terms, implementing comprehensive surveillance systems is essential for early detection and monitoring of zoonotic diseases. At the policy level, enacting and enforcing regulations is key to minimizing disease transmission between animals and humans. This includes establishing stringent biosecurity standards, quarantine protocols, and traceability mechanisms for animal trade and husbandry practices.      </jats:p>
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